Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2020 Population

179,067

1.18% 1-year growth

US Senator

Mark Warner

Democratic Party

US Senator

Tim Kaine

Democratic Party

2020 Median Age

41.7

0.725% 1-year increase

2018 Poverty Rate

7.43%

5.22% 1-year decrease

2020 Median Household Income

$84,484

3.75% 1-year growth

2020 Median Property Value

$335,500

4.19% 1-year growth

2020 Employed Population

81,545

0.346% 1-year growth

About

In 2020, Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA had a population of 179k people with a median age of 41.7 and a median household income of $84,484. Between 2019 and 2020 the population of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA grew from 176,974 to 179,067, a 1.18% increase and its median household income grew from $81,434 to $84,484, a 3.75% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA are White (Non-Hispanic) (76.9%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (9.92%), White (Hispanic) (4.61%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.93%), and Other (Hispanic) (1.81%).

9.04% of the households in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

96.3% of the residents in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA are Germanna Community College (1,849 degrees awarded in 2020) and Culpeper Cosmetology Training Center (16 degrees).

In 2020, the median property value in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was $335,500, and the homeownership rate was 76.4%.

Most people in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 37.7 minutes. The average car ownership in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was 2 cars per household.

Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA borders Leesburg Town PUMA, VA, Northern Shenandoah Valley Regional Commission (North) PUMA, VA, Northern Shenandoah Valley Regional Commission (South) PUMA, VA, Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission (South & East) PUMA, VA, Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission (North) PUMA, VA, George Washington Regional Commission (North) PUMA, VA, George Washington Regional Commission (South) PUMA, VA, and Linton Hall & Gainesville PUMA, VA.

Population & Diversity

Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA is home to a population of 179k people, from which 96.3% are citizens. As of 2020, 6.71% of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA residents were born outside of the country (12k people).

In 2020, there were 7.75 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (138k people) in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 17.8k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 8.25k White (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA are Spanish (9,793 households), French (Incl. Cajun) (768 households), and Punjabi (563 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

90,727

Women

50.7%

88,305

Men

49.3%

The resident population of United States in 2020 was 179,032 inhabitants, with 49.3% men, and 50.7% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

96.3%

2020 Citizenship

96.4%

2019 Citizenship

As of 2020, 96.3% of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2019, the percentage of US citizens in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was 96.4%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA

White (Non-Hispanic)
138k ± 513
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
17.8k ± 580
White (Hispanic)
8.25k ± 840

8.1%

Hispanic Population

14.5k people

8.1% of the people in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA are hispanic (14.5k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
1,982 ± 1,087 people
El Salvador
1,267 ± 871 people
Guatemala
1,123 ± 820 people

In 2020, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was Mexico, the natal country of 1,982 Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA residents, followed by El Salvador with 1,267 and Guatemala with 1,123.

Foreign-Born Population

6.71%

2020 Foreign-Born Population

12k people

6.39%

2019 Foreign-Born Population

11.3k people

As of 2020, 6.71% of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA residents (12k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.5%. In 2019, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was 6.39%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
9,793 households (5.8%)
French (Incl. Cajun)
768 households (0.455%)
Punjabi
563 households (0.334%)

9.04% of the households in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 21.5%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2020, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was Spanish. 5.8% of the households in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
4,471 ± 484
Gulf War (2001-)
3,861 ± 591
Gulf War (1990s)
2,751 ± 417

Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.16 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA employs 81.5k people. The largest industries in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA are Construction (8,071 people), Elementary & secondary schools (5,993 people), and Restaurants & Food Services (4,610 people), and the highest paying industries are Nondepository credit & related activities ($199,853), Periodical, book, & directory publishers ($130,312), and Motion pictures & video industries ($130,216).

Males in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA have an average income that is 1.37 times higher than the average income of females, which is $56,663. The income inequality in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA (measured using the Gini index) is 0.454, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

39,350

Women

48.3%

42,195

Men

51.7%

The workforce of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA in 2020 was 81,545 people, with 48.3% woman, and 51.7% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

81.5k

2020 Value

0.346%

1 Year growth

± 0.346%

From 2019 to 2020, employment in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA grew at a rate of 0.346%, from 81.3k employees to 81.5k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA, are Other managers (2,520 people), Elementary & middle school teachers (2,195 people), and Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (1,826 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Virginia (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

81.5k

2020 Value

0.346%

1 Year growth

± 0.346%

From 2019 to 2020, employment in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA grew at a rate of 0.346%, from 81.3k employees to 81.5k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA, are Construction (8,071 people), Elementary & secondary schools (5,993 people), and Restaurants & Food Services (4,610 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA, though some of these residents may live in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$53,889

Median earning men ± $1,730

$35,503

Median earning women ± $1,667

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2020 are Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($90,382), Information ($85,380), and Public Administration ($81,313).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2020 are Public Administration ($56,957), Professional, Scientific, & Management, & Administrative & Waste Management Services ($55,960), and Wholesale Trade ($50,625).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

Y-Axis

8.45%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between May 2020 and May 2021

As of May 2021, there are 145M people employed in Virginia. This represents a 8.45% increase in employment when compared to May 2020.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Virginia.

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Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Virginia to other states, or from other states to Virginia.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

Mixed freight
$37.3B
Electronics
$28.7B
Machinery
$25.6B

In 2020, the top outbound Virginia product (by dollars) was Mixed freight with $37.3B, followed by Electronics ($28.7B) and Machinery ($25.6B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Virginia products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Virginia.

$325B

2020 Value in Virginia

$612B

Projected 2050 Value in Virginia

88.1% growth

In 2020, total outbound Virginia trade was $325B. This is expected to increase 88.1% to $612B by 2050.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Virginia trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Virginia to other states, or from other states to Virginia.

Most Common Trade Partners

In 2020, the top outbound Virginia domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was North Carolina with $25B, followed by Maryland with $18.9B and Pennsylvania and $13.2B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Virginia shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

Mark Warner and Tim Kaine are the senators currently representing the state of Virginia. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Virginia is currently represented by 11 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Senators Elections

US Senators from Virginia

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

Mark Warner

Senator from Virginia

Assumed office on January 3, 2009

Tim Kaine

Senator from Virginia

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Mark Warner and Tim Kaine are the senators currently representing Virginia.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Virginia over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives Elections

US Representatives from Virginia

Virginia is currently represented by 11 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Virginia have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2020, universities in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA awarded 1,865 degrees. The student population of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA in 2020 is skewed towards women, with 2,825 male students and 4,880 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA are White (1,182 and 63.8%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (248 and 13.4%), Black or African American (231 and 12.5%), and Two or More Races (107 and 5.78%).

The largest universities in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA by number of degrees awarded are Germanna Community College (1,849 and 99.1%) and Culpeper Cosmetology Training Center (16 and 0.858%).

The most popular majors in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA are Liberal Arts & Sciences (682 and 36.6%), Other Liberal Arts & Sciences, General Studies, & Humanities (618 and 33.1%), and Other Allied Health Diagnostic, Intervention, & Treatment Professions (136 and 7.29%).

Admissions & Enrollments

Enrollments by Gender and Races

In 2020 there were 7,705 students enrolled in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA, 36.7% men and 63.3% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 4,522 records, of which 62.6% were women and 37.4% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Liberal Arts & Sciences
682 degree-majors awarded
Registered Nursing
125 degree-majors awarded
General Engineering
32 degree-majors awarded

In 2020, the most common concentation for Associates Degree recipients in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was Liberal Arts & Sciences with 682 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Associates Degree from schools in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Germanna Community College
1,849 degrees awarded
Culpeper Cosmetology Training Center
16 degrees awarded

In 2020, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Germanna Community College with 1,849 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

In 2020, 654 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA, which is 0.54 times less than the 1,211 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2020 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 1,182 degrees mean that there were 4.77 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 248 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Public, 2-year ($4,340) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2020.

Public, 2-year ($245) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2020.

Public, 2-year ($1,440) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2020, 0.588% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.323% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA in 2020 were High School or Equivalent (41.6k), Some college (31.6k), and Bachelors Degree (25.6k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was $335,500 in 2020, which is 1.46 times larger than the national average of $229,800. Between 2019 and 2020 the median property value increased from $322,000 to $335,500, a 4.19% increase. The homeownership rate in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA is 76.4%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.4%.

People in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA have an average commute time of 37.7 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA is $84,484. In 2020, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was Ashburn (Southwest/Belmont Ridge) & Dulles Airport PUMA, VA with a value of $166,088, followed by McLean & Idylwood PUMA, VA and Vienna Town, Oakton & Fair Oaks (East) PUMA, VA, with respective values of $159,301 and $150,691.

Housing

Property

$335,500

Median Property Value 2020

±$5,745

$48,788

Median Property Taxes

±$1,566

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

76.4%

Homeownership

2020

70.8%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2020

In 2020, 76.4% of the housing units in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 76.4%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2020, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was Ashburn (Southwest/Belmont Ridge) & Dulles Airport PUMA, VA with a value of $166,088, followed by McLean & Idylwood PUMA, VA and Vienna Town, Oakton & Fair Oaks (East) PUMA, VA, with respective values of $159,301 and $150,691.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$84,484

Median Household Income

± $2,876

63.9k

Number of Households

± 1,895

In 2020, the median household income of the 63.9k households in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA grew to $84,484 from the previous year's value of $81,434.

The following chart displays the households in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.454

2020 Wage GINI in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA

0.461

2019 Wage GINI in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA

In 2020, the income inequality in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was 0.454 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 1.44% decline from 2019 to 2020, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2020

Drove Alone (79.1%)
Carpooled (10.2%)
Worked At Home (7.76%)

In 2020, 79.1% of workers in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (10.2%) and those who worked at home (7.76%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

37.7 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA have a longer commute time (37.7 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.9 minutes). Additionally, 9.3% of the workforce in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

7.43% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA (12.8k out of 172k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.8%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 35 - 44, followed by Females 25 - 34 and then Females 55 - 64.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA is White, followed by Hispanic and Black.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

91.4% of the population of Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA has health coverage, with 52.5% on employee plans, 9.79% on Medicaid, 13.5% on Medicare, 13.2% on non-group plans, and 2.49% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Virginia was $7,556 in 2014. This is a 3.42% increase from the previous year ($7,306).

Primary care physicians in Virginia see 1325 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.455% increase from the previous year (1319 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1409 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 531 patients per year.

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Virginia. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Virginia, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

1,325 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Virginia

Primary care physicians in Virginia see an average of 1,325 patients per year. This represents a 0.455% increase from the previous year (1,319 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Virginia in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Virginia across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Coverage

Health Care Diversity

In 2020, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 24.4% under 18 years, 17% between 18 and 34 years, 40.9% between 35 and 64 years, and 17.8% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 48.1% were men and 51.9% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

8.6%

Uninsured

52.5%

Employer Coverage

9.79%

Medicaid

13.5%

Medicare

13.2%

Non-Group

2.49%

Military or VA

Between 2019 and 2020, the percent of uninsured citizens in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA declined by 5.96% from 9.14% to 8.6%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission PUMA, VA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.