Massachusetts

State

Add Comparison

Population

6.9M

0.617% 1-year growth

US Senator

Elizabeth Warren

Democratic Party

US Senator

Ed Markey

Democratic Party

Median Age

39.5

Poverty Rate

10.8%

Median Household Income

$79,835

3.17% 1-year growth

Median Property Value

$400,700

3.97% 1-year growth

Number of Employees

3.52M

1.92% 1-year growth

About

In 2018, Massachusetts had a population of 6.9M people with a median age of 39.5 and a median household income of $79,835. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Massachusetts grew from 6.86M to 6.9M, a 0.617% increase and its median household income grew from $77,385 to $79,835, a 3.17% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Massachusetts are White (Non-Hispanic) (70.7%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (7.01%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (6.79%), White (Hispanic) (6.56%), and Other (Hispanic) (3.62%). 24.3% of the people in Massachusetts speak a non-English language, and 92% are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Massachusetts are Boston University (11,988 degrees awarded in 2019), University of Massachusetts-Amherst (9,527 degrees), and Harvard University (9,504 degrees).

In 2018, the median property value in Massachusetts was $400,700, and the homeownership rate was 61.8%. Most people in Massachusetts drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 28.9 minutes. The average car ownership in Massachusetts was 2 cars per household.

Massachusetts borders New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, and New York.

Photo by NikiSublime

United States

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Massachusetts, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Massachusetts (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

Start Year

Y-Axis

-5.78%

Year-over-year decline

Employment change between November 2019 and November 2020

As of November 2020, there are 145M people employed in Massachusetts. This represents a -5.78% decrease in employment when compared to November 2019.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Massachusetts.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Massachusetts across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Massachusetts went to Hillary Rodham Clinton with 59.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (32.3%), followed by Gary Johnson (4.08%). The most partisan county was Suffolk County, MA with 79.6% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey are the senators currently representing the state of Massachusetts. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Massachusetts is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Hillary Rodham Clinton (59.1%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (32.3%)
Republican Party
Gary Johnson (4.08%)
Libertarian Party

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Massachusetts for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Popular Vote for Massachusetts

59.1% for the Democratic Party

Most Partisan Counties in Massachusetts

Suffolk County, MA
79.6% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Dukes County, MA
73% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Berkshire County, MA
67.5% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Massachusetts was Suffolk County, MA with 79.6% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

The following map shows the counties in Massachusetts colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Massachusetts

Elizabeth Warren

Senator from Massachusetts

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Ed Markey

Senator from Massachusetts

Assumed office on July 16, 2013
Elected to the seat to succeed Mo Cowan, who had been appointed to replace John Kerry, who had become Secretary of State.

Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey are the senators currently representing Massachusetts.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Massachusetts over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Massachusetts

Massachusetts is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Massachusetts have changed over time starting in 2008.

Diversity

Massachusetts is home to a population of 6.9M people, from which 92% are citizens. As of 2018, 16.6% of Massachusetts residents were born outside of the country (1.14M people).

In 2018, there were 10.1 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (4.88M people) in Massachusetts than any other race or ethnicity. There were 484k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 469k Asian (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common foreign languages spoken in Massachusetts are Spanish (615,909 speakers), Portuguese (205,164 speakers), and Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese) (142,602 speakers).

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Massachusetts

White (Non-Hispanic)
4.88M ± 6.19k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
484k ± 6.1k
Asian (Non-Hispanic)
469k ± 6.09k

12.3%

Hispanic Population

847k people

12.3% of the people in Massachusetts are hispanic (847k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Massachusetts as a share of the total population.

Non-English Speakers

Most Common Languages

Spanish
615,909 speakers (9.41%)
Portuguese
205,164 speakers (3.13%)
Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese)
142,602 speakers (2.18%)

24.3% of Massachusetts citizens are speakers of a non-English language, which is higher than the national average of 21.9%. In 2018, the most common non-English language spoken in Massachusetts was Spanish. 9.41% of the overall population of Massachusetts are native Spanish speakers. 3.13% speak Portuguese and 2.18% speak Spanish, the next two most common languages.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

16.6%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

1.14M people

16.2%

2017 Foreign-Born Population

1.11M people

As of 2018, 16.6% of Massachusetts residents (1.14M people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.7%. In 2017, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Massachusetts was 16.2%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Massachusetts compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.2

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 0.4

In 2018, the median age of all people in Massachusetts was 39.5. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 38, were generally younger than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 44. But people in Massachusetts are getting staying the same age. In 2017, the average age of all Massachusetts residents was 40.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

China
109,953 ± 8,076 people
Brazil
93,708 ± 7,464 people
Dominican Republic
92,675 ± 7,424 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Massachusetts was China, the natal country of 109,953 Massachusetts residents, followed by Brazil with 93,708 and Dominican Republic with 92,675.

Citizenship

92%

2018 Citizenship

92%

2017 Citizenship

As of 2018, 92% of Massachusetts residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Massachusetts was 92%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Massachusetts compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
101,255 ± 4,312
Gulf War (2001-)
48,182 ± 3,893
Korea
28,721 ± 2,619

Massachusetts has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 2.1 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Massachusetts is $79,835. In 2018, the county with the highest Median Household Income in Massachusetts was Middlesex County, MA with a value of $100,517, followed by Norfolk County, MA and Plymouth County, MA, with respective values of $100,356 and $90,484.

Males in Massachusetts have an average income that is 1.3 times higher than the average income of females, which is $70,026. The income inequality in Massachusetts (measured using the Gini index) is 0.481, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Massachusetts employs 3.52M people. The largest industries in Massachusetts are Elementary & secondary schools (226,157 people), Restaurants & Food Services (206,031 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (195,487 people), and the highest paying industries are Household appliance manufacturing ($157,581), Internet publishing, broadcasting & web search portals ($157,535), and Securities, commodities, funds, trusts & other financial investments ($154,325).

Wages

Median Household Income

$79,835

2018 value

± $970

3.17%

1 Year Growth

± 1.64%

Households in Massachusetts have a median annual income of $79,835, which is more than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $77,385 in 2017, which represents a 3.17% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Massachusetts compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

$90,776

Average Male Salary in Massachusetts

± $1,881

$70,026

Average Female Salary in Massachusetts

± $1,433

In 2019, full-time male employees in Massachusetts made 1.3 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Massachusetts by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Massachusetts

Asian
$78,973 ± $4,094
White
$71,653 ± $1,225
American Indian
$64,612 ± $46,208

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Massachusetts workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.1 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Massachusetts.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Massachusetts by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

0.481

2019 Wage GINI in Massachusetts

0.483

2018 Wage GINI in Massachusetts

In 2019, the income inequality in Massachusetts was 0.481 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.545% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Massachusetts was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Massachusetts in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Massachusetts across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2018, the county with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Massachusetts was Middlesex County, MA with a value of $100,517, followed by Norfolk County, MA and Plymouth County, MA, with respective values of $100,356 and $90,484.

The following map shows all of the counties in Massachusetts colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

10.8% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Massachusetts (710k out of 6.59M people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 18 - 24 and then Males 18 - 24.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
442,399 ± 5,160
Hispanic
203,145 ± 3,277
Black
96,509 ± 2,454

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Massachusetts is White, followed by Hispanic and Black.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

3.52M

2019 Value

1.92%

1 Year growth

± 1.92%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Massachusetts grew at a rate of 1.92%, from 3.45M employees to 3.52M employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Massachusetts, are Other managers (114,678 people), Registered nurses (82,524 people), and Software developers (70,243 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Massachusetts.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Massachusetts, by number of employees, are Other managers (114,678 people), Registered nurses (82,524 people), and Software developers (70,243 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other states, Massachusetts has an unusually high number of residents working as Medical scientists, & life scientists, all other (4 times higher than expected), Other Physical Scientists (3.77 times), and Podiatrists (3.34 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Massachusetts, by average salary, are Surgeons ($326,581), Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists ($228,953), and Chief executives & legislators ($222,982).

Industries

Employment by Industries

3.52M

2019 Value

1.92%

1 Year growth

± 1.92%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Massachusetts grew at a rate of 1.92%, from 3.45M employees to 3.52M employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Massachusetts, are Elementary & secondary schools (226,157 people), Restaurants & Food Services (206,031 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (195,487 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Massachusetts, though some of these residents may live in Massachusetts and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Massachusetts, by number of employees, are Elementary & secondary schools (226,157 people), Restaurants & Food Services (206,031 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (195,487 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other states, Massachusetts has an unusually high number of Scientific research & development services (3.9 times higher than expected), Software publishing (2.87 times), and Cutlery & hand tool manufacturing (2.74 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Massachusetts, by average salary, are Household appliance manufacturing ($157,581), Internet publishing, broadcasting & web search portals ($157,535), and Securities, commodities, funds, trusts & other financial investments ($154,325).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Massachusetts to other states, or from other states to Massachusetts.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

Gasoline
$31.5B
Mixed freight
$27.2B
Electronics
$24.1B

In 2015, the top outbound Massachusetts product (by dollars) was Gasoline with $31.5B, followed by Mixed freight ($27.2B) and Electronics ($24.1B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Massachusetts products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Massachusetts.

$240B

2015 Value in Massachusetts

$364B

Projected 2045 Value in Massachusetts

51.4% growth

In 2015, total outbound Massachusetts trade was $240B. This is expected to increase 51.4% to $364B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Massachusetts trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Massachusetts to other states, or from other states to Massachusetts.

Most Common Trade Partners

New Hampshire
$13.2B
New York
$13.2B
Connecticut
$12.7B

In 2015, the top outbound Massachusetts domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was New Hampshire with $13.2B, followed by New York with $13.2B and Connecticut and $12.7B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Massachusetts shares with each state (excluding itself).

Education

In 2019, universities in Massachusetts awarded 142,929 degrees. The student population of Massachusetts is skewed towards women, with 213,339 male students and 284,429 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Massachusetts are White (76,503 and 63%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (12,781 and 10.5%), Asian (11,321 and 9.32%), and Black or African American (9,421 and 7.75%).

The largest universities in Massachusetts by number of degrees awarded are Boston University (11,988 and 8.39%), University of Massachusetts-Amherst (9,527 and 6.67%), and Harvard University (9,504 and 6.65%).

The most popular majors in Massachusetts are General Business Administration & Management (10,236 and 7.16%), Registered Nursing (4,688 and 3.28%), and General Psychology (4,069 and 2.85%).

The median tuition costs in Massachusetts are $40,214 for private four year colleges, and $1,030 and $13,463 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Business Administration & Management
4,346 degree-majorss awarded
General Psychology
3,611 degree-majorss awarded
Registered Nursing
2,663 degree-majorss awarded

In 2015, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Massachusetts was General Business Administration & Management with 4,346 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Massachusetts according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Boston University
11,988 degrees awarded
University of Massachusetts-Amherst
9,527 degrees awarded
Harvard University
9,504 degrees awarded

$1,030

Median In-State Public

$40,214

Median Private

In 2019, the Massachusetts institution with the largest number of graduating students was Boston University with 11,988 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

59,510

Degrees Awarded to Men

83,419

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 59,510 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Massachusetts, which is 0.713 times less than the 83,419 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the top 5 institutions in Massachusetts by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
76,503 degrees awarded
Hispanic or Latino
12,781 degrees awarded
Asian
11,321 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Massachusetts was White students. These 76,503 degrees mean that there were 5.99 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 12,781 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Massachusetts was $400,700 in 2018, which is 1.74 times larger than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $385,400 to $400,700, a 3.97% increase. The homeownership rate in Massachusetts is 61.8%, which is lower than the national average of 63.9%. People in Massachusetts have an average commute time of 28.9 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Massachusetts is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$400,700

2018 Median

± $2,804

$385,400

2017 Median

± $2,465

In 2018, the median property value in Massachusetts grew to to $400,700 from the previous year's value of $385,400.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Massachusetts compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Massachusetts the largest share of households have a property value in the $500k - $750k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$79,835

Median Household Income

± $970

2.62M

Number of Households

± 24,735

In 2018, the median household income of the 2.62M households in Massachusetts grew to $79,835 from the previous year's value of $77,385.

The following chart displays the households in Massachusetts distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $200k+ range.

Property Taxes

$3k+

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Massachusetts distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Massachusetts the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

Rent vs Own

61.8%

2018 Homeownership

62.3%

2017 Homeownership

In 2018, 61.8% of the housing units in Massachusetts were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 62.3%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Massachusetts compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

28.9 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Massachusetts have a longer commute time (28.9 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.7 minutes). Additionally, 3.57% of the workforce in Massachusetts have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Massachusetts compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2018

Drove Alone (69.8%)
Public Transit (10.2%)
Carpooled (7.44%)

In 2018, 69.8% of workers in Massachusetts drove alone to work, followed by those who used public transit to get to work (10.2%) and those who carpooled to work (7.44%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Massachusetts distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Massachusetts have 2 cars, followed by 1 car.

Health

97.2% of the population of Massachusetts has health coverage, with 54.1% on employee plans, 19.1% on Medicaid, 10.9% on Medicare, 12.4% on non-group plans, and 0.752% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Massachusetts was $10,559 in 2014. This is a 2.78% increase from the previous year ($10,273).

Primary care physicians in Massachusetts see 968 patients per year on average, which represents a 0% change from the previous year (968 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 930 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 153 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Plymouth County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (11.1%). Additionally, Hampden County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (30.5%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

968 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Massachusetts

Primary care physicians in Massachusetts see an average of 968 patients per year. This represents a 0% change from the previous year (968 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Massachusetts in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

$10,559

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Massachusetts

$5,302

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$8,922

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$11,899

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Massachusetts (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 2.78%, from $10,273 to $10,559.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

2.8%

Uninsured

54.1%

Employer Coverage

19.1%

Medicaid

10.9%

Medicare

12.4%

Non-Group

0.752%

Military or VA

Between 2016 and 2017, the percent of uninsured citizens in Massachusetts grew by 10.1% from 2.54% to 2.8%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Massachusetts changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.