NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2023 Population

199,120

7.07% 1-year decline

US Senator

Chuck Schumer

Democratic Party

US Senator

Kirsten Gillibrand

Democratic Party

2023 Median Age

38.6

2.39% 1-year increase

2023 Poverty Rate

18.4%

0.994% 1-year increase

2023 Median Household Income

$64,389

3.66% 1-year growth

2023 Median Property Value

$583,800

2.73% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

97,168

4.77% 1-year decline

About

In 2023, NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY had a population of 199k people with a median age of 38.6 and a median household income of $64,389. Between 2022 and 2023 the population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY declined from 214,260 to 199,120, a −7.07% decrease and its median household income grew from $62,118 to $64,389, a 3.66% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY are Other (Hispanic) (38.9%), White (Non-Hispanic) (20.4%), Two+ (Hispanic) (15%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (7.43%), and White (Hispanic) (6.21%).

64.9% of the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

81.9% of the residents in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY are Yeshiva University (2,230 degrees awarded in 2022) and Boricua College (183 degrees).

In 2023, the median property value in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was $583,800, and the homeownership rate was 11.9%.

Most people in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY used public transit to get to work, and the average commute time was 41.6 minutes. The average car ownership in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was 0 cars per household.

NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY borders Bergen County (Southeast)--Fort Lee, Cliffside Park & Palisades Park PUMA, NJ, Bergen County (East)--Tenafly, Park Ridge, Englewood City & Cresskill PUMA, NJ, NYC-Manhattan Community District 9--Morningside Heights & Hamilton Heights PUMA, NY, NYC-Manhattan Community District 10--Harlem PUMA, NY, NYC-Bronx Community District 4--Highbridge & Concourse PUMA, NY, NYC-Bronx Community District 5--Morris Heights & Mount Hope PUMA, NY, NYC-Bronx Community District 7--Fordham, Bedford Park, & Norwood PUMA, NY, and NYC-Bronx Community District 8--Riverdale, Kingsbridge, & Marble Hill PUMA, NY.

United States New Jersey New York

Population & Diversity

NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY is home to a population of 199k people, from which 81.9% are citizens. As of 2023, 42.7% of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY residents were born outside of the country (85.1k people).

In 2023, there were 1.9 times more Other (Hispanic) residents (77.4k people) in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY than any other race or ethnicity. There were 40.7k White (Non-Hispanic) and 29.8k Two+ (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY are Spanish (109,615 households), Russian (1,741 households), and Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese) (1,692 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

108,300

Women

50.5%

106,083

Men

49.5%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 214,383 inhabitants, with 49.5% men, and 50.5% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

81.9%

2023 Citizenship

81.8%

2022 Citizenship

As of 2023, 81.9% of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.4%. In 2022, the percentage of US citizens in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was 81.8%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY

Other (Hispanic)
77.4k ± 4.51k
White (Non-Hispanic)
40.7k ± 2.32k
Two+ (Hispanic)
29.8k ± 2.85k

65.4%

Hispanic Population

130k people

65.4% of the people in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY are hispanic (130k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Dominican Republic
61,295 ± 5,136 people
Mexico
5,746 ± 1,836 people
Ecuador
4,956 ± 1,708 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was Dominican Republic, the natal country of 61,295 NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY residents, followed by Mexico with 5,746 and Ecuador with 4,956.

Foreign-Born Population

42.7%

2023 Foreign-Born Population

85.1k people

43.5%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

93.1k people

As of 2023, 42.7% of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY residents (85.1k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.8%. In 2022, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was 43.5%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
109,615 households (57.8%)
Russian
1,741 households (0.917%)
Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese)
1,692 households (0.891%)

64.9% of the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is higher than the national average of 22%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2023, the most common non-English language spoken in households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was Spanish. 57.8% of the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
532 ± 191
Gulf War (2001-)
362 ± 173
Gulf War (1990s)
285 ± 208

NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.47 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY employs 97.2k people. The largest industries in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY are Restaurants & Food Services (8,290 people), Elementary & secondary schools (6,561 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (5,571 people), and the highest paying industries are Securities, commodities, funds, trusts & other financial investments ($318,354), Internet publishing, broadcasting & web search portals ($168,441), and Other information services, except libraries & archives, & internet publishing & broadcasting & web search portals ($144,322).

Males in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY have an average income that is 1.13 times higher than the average income of females, which is $65,743. The income inequality in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY (measured using the Gini index) is 0.462, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

49,014

Women

47.8%

53,532

Men

52.2%

The workforce of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY in 2020 was 102,546 people, with 47.8% woman, and 52.2% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

97.2k

2022 Value

−4.77%

1 Year decline

± −4.77%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY declined at a rate of −4.77%, from 102k employees to 97.2k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY, are Home health aides (4,690 people), Janitors & building cleaners (4,305 people), and Cashiers (2,443 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in New York (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

97.2k

2022 Value

−4.77%

1 Year decline

± −4.77%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY declined at a rate of −4.77%, from 102k employees to 97.2k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY, are Restaurants & Food Services (8,290 people), Elementary & secondary schools (6,561 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (5,571 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY, though some of these residents may live in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$48,607

Median earning men ± $3,182

$44,355

Median earning women ± $2,861

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2023 are Public Administration ($78,032), Information ($72,618), and Professional, Scientific, & Management, & Administrative & Waste Management Services ($64,795).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2023 are Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($72,778), Professional, Scientific, & Management, & Administrative & Waste Management Services ($69,013), and Information ($65,692).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New Jersey.

Y-Axis

2.27%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 4.24M people employed in New Jersey. This represents a 2.27% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 16.5%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in New Jersey.

Education

In 2022, universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY awarded 2,413 degrees. The student population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY in 2022 is skewed towards women, with 2,702 male students and 3,815 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY are White (1,440 and 65.5%), followed by Unknown (420 and 19.1%), Hispanic or Latino (219 and 9.96%), and Black or African American (80 and 3.64%).

The largest universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY by number of degrees awarded are Yeshiva University (2,230 and 92.4%) and Boricua College (183 and 7.58%).

The most popular majors in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY are Judaic Studies (533 and 22.1%), Social Work (325 and 13.5%), and Law (288 and 11.9%).

The median tuition cost in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY for private four year colleges is $28,600.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2022 in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY, the percentage of applicants admitted was 63.2%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 62.3%. The number of students enrolled in 2022 was 6,517 (41.5% men and 58.5% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2022 there were 6,517 students enrolled in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY, 41.5% men and 58.5% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 3,368 records, of which 52.3% were women and 47.7% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Speech-Language Pathology
37 degrees awarded
Social Work
313 degrees awarded
General Psychology
75 degrees awarded

In 2022, the most common concentation for Masters Degree recipients in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was Speech-Language Pathology with 37 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Masters Degree from schools in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Yeshiva University
2,230 degrees awarded
Boricua College
183 degrees awarded

In 2022, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Yeshiva University with 2,230 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2022, 954 men were awarded degrees from institutions in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY, which is 0.654 times less than the 1,459 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2022 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 1,440 degrees mean that there were 3.43 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Unknown, with 420 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($28,600) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,813) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($825) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 3.06% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 2.96% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY in 2022 were Bachelors Degree (37.1k), High School or Equivalent (33.7k), and Secondary Education (31.5k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was $583,800 in 2023, which is 1.92 times larger than the national average of $303,400. Between 2022 and 2023 the median property value increased from $568,300 to $583,800, a 2.73% increase. The homeownership rate in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY is 11.9%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 65%.

People in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY have an average commute time of 41.6 minutes, and they used public transit to get to work. Car ownership in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY is lower than the national average, with an average of 0 cars per household.

Median household income in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY is $64,389. In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was NYC-Manhattan Community Districts 1 & 2--Financial District & Greenwich Village PUMA, NY with a value of $179,572, followed by Westchester County (Northeast) PUMA, NY and Suffolk County (Northwest)--Huntington Town (South) PUMA, NY, with respective values of $177,181 and $171,948.

Housing

Property

$583,800

Median Property Value 2023

±$36,958

$9,055

Median Property Taxes

±$972

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

11.9%

Homeownership

2023

65%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2023

In 2023, 11.9% of the housing units in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 11.7%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was NYC-Manhattan Community Districts 1 & 2--Financial District & Greenwich Village PUMA, NY with a value of $179,572, followed by Westchester County (Northeast) PUMA, NY and Suffolk County (Northwest)--Huntington Town (South) PUMA, NY, with respective values of $177,181 and $171,948.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$64,389

Median Household Income

± $3,754

75.8k

Number of Households

± 2,741

In 2023, the median household income of the 75.8k households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY grew to $64,389 from the previous year's value of $62,118.

The following chart displays the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.462

2022 Wage GINI in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY

0.461

2021 Wage GINI in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY

In 2022, the income inequality in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was 0.462 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.191% growth from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2023

Public Transit (59%)
Worked At Home (15%)
Walked (11.1%)

In 2023, 59% of workers in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY used public transit to get to work, followed by those who worked at home (15%) and those who walked to work (11.1%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

41.6 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY have a longer commute time (41.6 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.6 minutes). Additionally, 5.77% of the workforce in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

0 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY have 0 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

18.4% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY (36k out of 196k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.4%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 65 - 74, followed by Females 25 - 34 and then Females 55 - 64.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY is Hispanic, followed by Other and White.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

92.3% of the population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY has health coverage, with 37.5% on employee plans, 35% on Medicaid, 6.86% on Medicare, 12.6% on non-group plans, and 0.191% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in New York see 1174 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.508% decrease from the previous year (1180 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1218 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 299 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

1,174 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in New York

Primary care physicians in New York see an average of 1,174 patients per year. This represents a 0.508% decrease from the previous year (1,180 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in New York in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2023, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 17.7% under 18 years, 26.1% between 18 and 34 years, 40.2% between 35 and 64 years, and 16% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 46.4% were men and 53.6% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

7.75%

Uninsured

37.5%

Employer Coverage

35%

Medicaid

6.86%

Medicare

12.6%

Non-Group

0.191%

Military or VA

Between 2022 and 2023, the percent of uninsured citizens in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY declined by 3.5% from 8.03% to 7.75%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights & Inwood PUMA, NY changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.