Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2022 Population

120,085

42.1% 1-year decline

US Senator

Elizabeth Warren

Democratic Party

US Senator

Ed Markey

Democratic Party

2022 Median Age

39.2

8.89% 1-year increase

2022 Poverty Rate

9.86%

29.9% 1-year decrease

2022 Median Household Income

$87,802

35.5% 1-year growth

2022 Median Property Value

$420,100

20.5% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

59,590

40.5% 1-year decline

About

In 2022, Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA had a population of 120k people with a median age of 39.2 and a median household income of $87,802. Between 2021 and 2022 the population of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA declined from 207,427 to 120,085, a −42.1% decrease and its median household income grew from $64,795 to $87,802, a 35.5% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA are White (Non-Hispanic) (62.4%), Other (Hispanic) (12.6%), Two+ (Hispanic) (8.37%), White (Hispanic) (5%), and Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (3.99%).

29.7% of the households in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

93.8% of the residents in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA are Northern Essex Community College (669 degrees awarded in 2022) and Northpoint Bible College (217606) (63 degrees).

In 2022, the median property value in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was $420,100, and the homeownership rate was 65.9%.

Most people in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 27.6 minutes. The average car ownership in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was 2 cars per household.

Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA borders Middlesex County (Northeast)--Billerica, Tewksbury & Dracut PUMA, MA, Essex County (West)--Lawrence & Andover PUMA, MA, Essex County (North)--Newburyport, Amesbury & North Andover PUMA, MA, Greater Nashua City (East) PUMA, NH, and Seacoast Region--Rockingham County (Southern), Portsmouth City PUMA, NH.

Photo by Massachusetts Office of Travel & Tourism

United States Massachusetts New Hampshire

Population & Diversity

Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA is home to a population of 120k people, from which 93.8% are citizens. As of 2022, 17% of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA residents were born outside of the country (20.4k people).

In 2022, there were 4.96 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (74.9k people) in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 15.1k Other (Hispanic) and 10.1k Two+ (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA are Spanish (24,617 households), Haitian (1,571 households), and Arabic (1,248 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

62,729

Women

51.7%

58,608

Men

48.3%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 121,337 inhabitants, with 48.3% men, and 51.7% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

93.8%

2022 Citizenship

87.1%

2021 Citizenship

As of 2022, 93.8% of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.5%. In 2021, the percentage of US citizens in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was 87.1%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA

White (Non-Hispanic)
74.9k ± 2.08k
Other (Hispanic)
15.1k ± 1.57k
Two+ (Hispanic)
10.1k ± 1.61k

26.8%

Hispanic Population

32.1k people

26.8% of the people in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA are hispanic (32.1k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Dominican Republic
19,739 ± 3,156 people
Guatemala
1,769 ± 1,025 people
El Salvador
670 ± 634 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was Dominican Republic, the natal country of 19,739 Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA residents, followed by Guatemala with 1,769 and El Salvador with 670.

Foreign-Born Population

17%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

20.4k people

27.1%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

56.3k people

As of 2022, 17% of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA residents (20.4k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.6%. In 2021, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was 27.1%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
24,617 households (21.6%)
Haitian
1,571 households (1.38%)
Arabic
1,248 households (1.09%)

29.7% of the households in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is higher than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2022, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was Spanish. 21.6% of the households in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
1,494 ± 260
Gulf War (2001-)
912 ± 224
Gulf War (1990s)
677 ± 228

Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.64 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA employs 59.6k people. The largest industries in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA are Restaurants & Food Services (4,257 people), Construction (3,606 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (2,943 people), and the highest paying industries are Industrial & miscellaneous chemicals ($162,357), Wired telecommunications carriers ($151,888), and Computer & peripheral equipment manufacturing ($137,398).

Males in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA have an average income that is 1.29 times higher than the average income of females, which is $57,096. The income inequality in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA (measured using the Gini index) is 0.427, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

46,845

Women

49.7%

47,341

Men

50.3%

The workforce of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA in 2020 was 94,186 people, with 49.7% woman, and 50.3% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

59.6k

2022 Value

−40.5%

1 Year decline

± −40.5%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA declined at a rate of −40.5%, from 100k employees to 59.6k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA, are Cashiers (1,865 people), Nursing assistants (1,511 people), and Customer service representatives (1,365 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Massachusetts (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

59.6k

2022 Value

−40.5%

1 Year decline

± −40.5%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA declined at a rate of −40.5%, from 100k employees to 59.6k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA, are Restaurants & Food Services (4,257 people), Construction (3,606 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (2,943 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA, though some of these residents may live in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$59,376

Median earning men ± $2,071

$41,505

Median earning women ± $1,480

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2022 are Information ($106,316), Public Administration ($90,183), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($80,772).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2022 are Information ($87,860), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($66,064), and Public Administration ($63,506).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

Y-Axis

2.61%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 3.67M people employed in Massachusetts. This represents a 2.61% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 17.5%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Massachusetts.

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Massachusetts went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 65.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (31.9%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.29%).

Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey are the senators currently representing the state of Massachusetts. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Massachusetts is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA. Showing the available data for Massachusetts.

2020 Election Results

Joseph R Biden Jr. (65.1%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (31.9%)
Republican Party
Jo Jorgensen (1.29%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Massachusetts went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 65.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (31.9%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.29%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Massachusetts for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Massachusetts

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

Elizabeth Warren

Senator from Massachusetts

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Ed Markey

Senator from Massachusetts

Assumed office on July 16, 2013
Elected to the seat to succeed Mo Cowan, who had been appointed to the seat following the resignation of John Kerry, who had become Secretary of State.

Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey are the senators currently representing Massachusetts.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Massachusetts over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Massachusetts

Massachusetts is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Massachusetts have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2022, universities in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA awarded 732 degrees. The student population of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA in 2022 is skewed towards women, with 1,726 male students and 2,838 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA are White (373 and 51.7%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (278 and 38.5%), Asian (21 and 2.91%), and Black or African American (21 and 2.91%).

The largest universities in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA by number of degrees awarded are Northern Essex Community College (669 and 91.4%) and Northpoint Bible College (217606) (63 and 8.61%).

The most popular majors in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA are Liberal Arts & Sciences (69 and 9.43%), General Business (65 and 8.88%), and Biblical Studies (63 and 8.61%).

The median tuition cost in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA for private four year colleges is $12,750.

Admissions & Enrollments

Enrollments by Gender and Races

In 2022 there were 4,564 students enrolled in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA, 37.8% men and 62.2% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in Hispanic or Latino with 2,014 records, of which 69% were women and 31% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

General Business
65 degrees awarded
General Computer & Information Sciences
41 degrees awarded
Liberal Arts & Sciences
69 degrees awarded

In 2022, the most common concentation for Associates Degree recipients in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was General Business with 65 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Associates Degree from schools in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Northern Essex Community College
669 degrees awarded
Northpoint Bible College (217606)
63 degrees awarded

In 2022, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Northern Essex Community College with 669 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

In 2022, 257 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA, which is 0.541 times less than the 475 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2022 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 373 degrees mean that there were 1.34 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 278 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($12,750) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2022.

Public, 2-year ($5,088) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,800) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 1.9% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 1.99% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA in 2022 were High School or Equivalent (30.1k), Some college (20.3k), and Secondary Education (15.5k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was $420,100 in 2022, which is 1.49 times larger than the national average of $281,900. Between 2021 and 2022 the median property value increased from $348,600 to $420,100, a 20.5% increase. The homeownership rate in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA is 65.9%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.8%.

People in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA have an average commute time of 27.6 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA is $87,802. In 2022, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was Norfolk County (Northwest)--Needham, Wellesley & Westwood PUMA, MA with a value of $198,790, followed by Middlesex County--Lexington, Burlington & Wilmington PUMA, MA and Middlesex County (West Central) PUMA, MA, with respective values of $172,007 and $157,236.

Housing

Property

$420,100

Median Property Value 2022

±$6,415

$29,675

Median Property Taxes

±$1,114

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

65.9%

Homeownership

2022

62.2%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2022

In 2022, 65.9% of the housing units in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 50.3%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2022, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was Norfolk County (Northwest)--Needham, Wellesley & Westwood PUMA, MA with a value of $198,790, followed by Middlesex County--Lexington, Burlington & Wilmington PUMA, MA and Middlesex County (West Central) PUMA, MA, with respective values of $172,007 and $157,236.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$87,802

Median Household Income

± $2,525

45k

Number of Households

± 1,688

In 2022, the median household income of the 45k households in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA grew to $87,802 from the previous year's value of $64,795.

The following chart displays the households in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.427

2022 Wage GINI in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA

0.436

2021 Wage GINI in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA

In 2022, the income inequality in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was 0.427 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 1.97% decline from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2022

Drove Alone (78.3%)
Worked At Home (9.28%)
Carpooled (7.75%)

In 2022, 78.3% of workers in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (9.28%) and those who carpooled to work (7.75%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

27.6 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA have a longer commute time (27.6 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.7 minutes). Additionally, 2.61% of the workforce in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

9.86% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA (11.7k out of 119k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.5%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 35 - 44, followed by Females 25 - 34 and then Females 55 - 64.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA is White, followed by Hispanic and Other.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

96.1% of the population of Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA has health coverage, with 50.8% on employee plans, 21.9% on Medicaid, 11.1% on Medicare, 11.8% on non-group plans, and 0.581% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Massachusetts see 966 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.625% increase from the previous year (960 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 930 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 142 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

966 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Massachusetts

Primary care physicians in Massachusetts see an average of 966 patients per year. This represents a 0.625% increase from the previous year (960 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Massachusetts in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2022, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 22.5% under 18 years, 22% between 18 and 34 years, 40.1% between 35 and 64 years, and 15.4% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 47.7% were men and 52.3% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

3.91%

Uninsured

50.8%

Employer Coverage

21.9%

Medicaid

11.1%

Medicare

11.8%

Non-Group

0.581%

Military or VA

Between 2021 and 2022, the percent of uninsured citizens in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA declined by 22.8% from 5.06% to 3.91%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Essex County (Northwest)--Haverhill & Methuen PUMA, MA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.