Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2023 Population

116,326

0.263% 1-year growth

US Senator

Elizabeth Warren

Democratic Party

US Senator

Ed Markey

Democratic Party

2023 Median Age

44.4

0.909% 1-year increase

2023 Poverty Rate

5.21%

1.18% 1-year increase

2023 Median Household Income

$101,862

0.927% 1-year growth

2023 Median Property Value

$384,500

7.55% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

56,303

7.96% 1-year decline

About

In 2023, Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA had a population of 116k people with a median age of 44.4 and a median household income of $101,862. Between 2022 and 2023 the population of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA grew from 116,021 to 116,326, a 0.263% increase and its median household income grew from $100,926 to $101,862, a 0.927% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA are White (Non-Hispanic) (87.5%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.24%), Two+ (Hispanic) (2.34%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (2.02%), and Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (1.76%).

8.86% of the households in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

97.8% of the residents in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA are Anna Maria College (164492) (537 degrees awarded in 2022).

In 2023, the median property value in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was $384,500, and the homeownership rate was 79.3%.

Most people in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 30.6 minutes. The average car ownership in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was 2 cars per household.

Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA borders Worcester County (South) PUMA, MA, Franklin & Hampshire (West, North, East) Counties PUMA, MA, Hampden County (East)--Chicopee PUMA, MA, Worcester County (Northwest)--Gardner PUMA, MA, Worcester County (East Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA, Worcester City (East) PUMA, MA, and Worcester City (West) PUMA, MA.

About the photo: Inman Square Fire House

Photo by massmatt

United States Massachusetts

Population & Diversity

Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA is home to a population of 116k people, from which 97.8% are citizens. As of 2023, 6.42% of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA residents were born outside of the country (7.46k people).

In 2023, there were 27 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (102k people) in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 3.77k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) and 2.73k Two+ (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA are Spanish (2,934 households), Portuguese (1,153 households), and Polish (779 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

58,037

Women

50.4%

57,025

Men

49.6%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 115,062 inhabitants, with 49.6% men, and 50.4% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

97.8%

2023 Citizenship

97.7%

2022 Citizenship

As of 2023, 97.8% of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2022, the percentage of US citizens in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was 97.7%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA

White (Non-Hispanic)
102k ± 1.11k
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
3.77k ± 666
Two+ (Hispanic)
2.73k ± 675

4.94%

Hispanic Population

5.75k people

4.94% of the people in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA are hispanic (5.75k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Poland
724 ± 659 people
Brazil
621 ± 610 people
India
406 ± 494 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was Poland, the natal country of 724 Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA residents, followed by Brazil with 621 and India with 406.

Foreign-Born Population

6.42%

2023 Foreign-Born Population

7.46k people

6.17%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

7.16k people

As of 2023, 6.42% of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA residents (7.46k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.8%. In 2022, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was 6.17%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
2,934 households (2.65%)
Portuguese
1,153 households (1.04%)
Polish
779 households (0.703%)

8.86% of the households in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 22%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2023, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was Spanish. 2.65% of the households in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
1,953 ± 273
Gulf War (2001-)
1,171 ± 288
Gulf War (1990s)
780 ± 298

Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.67 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA employs 56.3k people. The largest industries in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA are Elementary & secondary schools (5,057 people), Construction (3,719 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (3,251 people), and the highest paying industries are Professional & commercial equipment & supplies merchant wholesalers ($156,454), Software publishing ($154,044), and Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. or not specified ($146,073).

Males in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA have an average income that is 1.2 times higher than the average income of females, which is $76,359. The income inequality in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA (measured using the Gini index) is 0.411, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

30,841

Women

50.5%

30,220

Men

49.5%

The workforce of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA in 2020 was 61,061 people, with 50.5% woman, and 49.5% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

56.3k

2022 Value

−7.96%

1 Year decline

± −7.96%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA declined at a rate of −7.96%, from 61.2k employees to 56.3k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA, are Other managers (1,894 people), Elementary & middle school teachers (1,675 people), and Registered nurses (1,600 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Massachusetts (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

56.3k

2022 Value

−7.96%

1 Year decline

± −7.96%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA declined at a rate of −7.96%, from 61.2k employees to 56.3k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA, are Elementary & secondary schools (5,057 people), Construction (3,719 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (3,251 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA, though some of these residents may live in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$74,078

Median earning men ± $4,014

$54,187

Median earning women ± $1,636

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2023 are Public Administration ($106,061), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($98,147), and Manufacturing ($87,130).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2023 are Public Administration ($79,483), Wholesale Trade ($77,500), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($75,350).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

Y-Axis

2.61%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 3.67M people employed in Massachusetts. This represents a 2.61% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 17.5%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Massachusetts.

Civics

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Massachusetts went to Kamala Harris with 61.2% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (36%), followed by Other (1.48%).

Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey are the senators currently representing the state of Massachusetts. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Massachusetts is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA. Showing the available data for Massachusetts.

2024 Election Results

Kamala Harris (61.2%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (36%)
Republican Party
Other (1.48%)
Other Party

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Massachusetts went to Kamala Harris with 61.2% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (36%), followed by Other (1.48%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Massachusetts for each registered party from 1976 to 2024.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Massachusetts

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

Elizabeth Warren

Senator from Massachusetts

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Ed Markey

Senator from Massachusetts

Assumed office on July 16, 2013
Elected to the seat to succeed Mo Cowan, who had been appointed to the seat following the resignation of John Kerry, who had become Secretary of State.

Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey are the senators currently representing Massachusetts.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Massachusetts over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Massachusetts

Massachusetts is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Massachusetts have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2022, universities in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA awarded 537 degrees. The student population of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA in 2022 is skewed towards men, with 855 male students and 581 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA are White (350 and 65.7%), followed by Unknown (79 and 14.8%), Black or African American (48 and 9.01%), and Hispanic or Latino (42 and 7.88%).

The largest universities in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA by number of degrees awarded are Anna Maria College (164492) (537 and 100%).

The most popular majors in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA are Criminal Justice - Law Enforcement Administration (120 and 22.3%), Public Administration (90 and 16.8%), and Fire Science & Fire-Fighting (67 and 12.5%).

The median tuition cost in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA for private four year colleges is $38,410.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2022 in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA, the percentage of applicants admitted was 69.6%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 8.26%. The number of students enrolled in 2022 was 1,436 (59.5% men and 40.5% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2022 there were 1,436 students enrolled in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA, 59.5% men and 40.5% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 793 records, of which 38.5% were women and 61.5% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Criminal Justice - Law Enforcement Administration
37 degrees awarded
Registered Nursing
34 degrees awarded
Fire Science & Fire-Fighting
67 degrees awarded

In 2022, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was Criminal Justice - Law Enforcement Administration with 37 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Anna Maria College (164492)

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

537 degrees awarded

In 2022, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Anna Maria College (164492) with 537 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2022, 318 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA, which is 1.45 times more than the 219 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2022 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 350 degrees mean that there were 4.43 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Unknown, with 79 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($38,410) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($2,600) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,000) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 0.782% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.577% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA in 2022 were High School or Equivalent (26k), Bachelors Degree (20.1k), and Some college (17.7k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was $384,500 in 2023, which is 1.27 times larger than the national average of $303,400. Between 2022 and 2023 the median property value increased from $357,500 to $384,500, a 7.55% increase. The homeownership rate in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA is 79.3%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 65%.

People in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA have an average commute time of 30.6 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA is $101,862. In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was Norfolk County (Northwest)--Needham, Wellesley & Westwood PUMA, MA with a value of $208,032, followed by Middlesex County--Lexington, Burlington & Wilmington PUMA, MA and Middlesex County (West Central) PUMA, MA, with respective values of $183,363 and $164,588.

Housing

Property

$384,500

Median Property Value 2023

±$6,364

$35,661

Median Property Taxes

±$1,187

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

79.3%

Homeownership

2023

59.5%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2023

In 2023, 79.3% of the housing units in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 79.4%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was Norfolk County (Northwest)--Needham, Wellesley & Westwood PUMA, MA with a value of $208,032, followed by Middlesex County--Lexington, Burlington & Wilmington PUMA, MA and Middlesex County (West Central) PUMA, MA, with respective values of $183,363 and $164,588.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$101,862

Median Household Income

± $3,547

44.9k

Number of Households

± 1,562

In 2023, the median household income of the 44.9k households in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA grew to $101,862 from the previous year's value of $100,926.

The following chart displays the households in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $200k+ range.

Wage Distribution

0.411

2022 Wage GINI in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA

0.421

2021 Wage GINI in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA

In 2022, the income inequality in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was 0.411 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 2.35% decline from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2023

Drove Alone (77.8%)
Worked At Home (14.2%)
Carpooled (5.59%)

In 2023, 77.8% of workers in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (14.2%) and those who carpooled to work (5.59%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

30.6 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA have a longer commute time (30.6 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.6 minutes). Additionally, 3.49% of the workforce in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

5.21% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA (5.91k out of 114k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.4%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 75+, followed by Males 55 - 64 and then Females 55 - 64.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA is White, followed by Hispanic and Two Or More.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

98.1% of the population of Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA has health coverage, with 58.9% on employee plans, 11.7% on Medicaid, 14.3% on Medicare, 12.7% on non-group plans, and 0.461% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Massachusetts see 966 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.625% increase from the previous year (960 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 930 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 142 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

966 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Massachusetts

Primary care physicians in Massachusetts see an average of 966 patients per year. This represents a 0.625% increase from the previous year (960 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Massachusetts in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2023, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 21.9% under 18 years, 16.2% between 18 and 34 years, 41.7% between 35 and 64 years, and 20.2% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 49.4% were men and 50.6% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

1.92%

Uninsured

58.9%

Employer Coverage

11.7%

Medicaid

14.3%

Medicare

12.7%

Non-Group

0.461%

Military or VA

Between 2022 and 2023, the percent of uninsured citizens in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA grew by 0.705% from 1.91% to 1.92%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Worcester County (West Central)--Outside Worcester City PUMA, MA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.