Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2022 Population

118,741

0.25% 1-year decline

US Senator

Sherrod Brown

Democratic Party

US Senator

J. D. Vance

Republican Party

2022 Median Age

41.7

0% 1-year change

2022 Poverty Rate

11.6%

2.48% 1-year decrease

2022 Median Household Income

$59,606

10.4% 1-year growth

2022 Median Property Value

$127,700

15% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

54,445

0.231% 1-year decline

About

In 2022, Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH had a population of 119k people with a median age of 41.7 and a median household income of $59,606. Between 2021 and 2022 the population of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH declined from 119,038 to 118,741, a −0.25% decrease and its median household income grew from $53,995 to $59,606, a 10.4% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH are White (Non-Hispanic) (91.8%), White (Hispanic) (2.01%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (1.95%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (1.68%), and Two+ (Hispanic) (0.936%).

2.75% of the households in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

99.2% of the residents in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH are Tiffin University (697 degrees awarded in 2022), Heidelberg University (313 degrees), and Tiffin Academy of Hair Design (21 degrees).

In 2022, the median property value in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was $127,700, and the homeownership rate was 71.3%.

Most people in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 22.4 minutes. The average car ownership in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was 2 cars per household.

Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH borders Sandusky, Ottawa & Lucas (East) Counties--Oregon City PUMA, OH, Erie & Huron Counties PUMA, OH, Richland County PUMA, OH, Wood County PUMA, OH, Hancock & Hardin Counties PUMA, OH, and Marion, Knox & Morrow Counties PUMA, OH.

United States Ohio

Population & Diversity

Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH is home to a population of 119k people, from which 99.2% are citizens. As of 2022, 1.34% of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH residents were born outside of the country (1.59k people).

In 2022, there were 45.6 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (109k people) in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH than any other race or ethnicity. There were 2.39k White (Hispanic) and 2.31k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH are Spanish (1,740 households), Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or Other West Germanic Languages (201 households), and Japanese (185 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

59,682

Women

50.2%

59,166

Men

49.8%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 118,848 inhabitants, with 49.8% men, and 50.2% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

99.2%

2022 Citizenship

99.1%

2021 Citizenship

As of 2022, 99.2% of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.5%. In 2021, the percentage of US citizens in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was 99.1%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH

White (Non-Hispanic)
109k ± 153
White (Hispanic)
2.39k ± 324
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
2.31k ± 268

3.8%

Hispanic Population

4.51k people

3.8% of the people in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH are hispanic (4.51k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
386 ± 482 people
Saudi Arabia
180 ± 329 people
Korea
137 ± 287 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was Mexico, the natal country of 386 Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH residents, followed by Saudi Arabia with 180 and Korea with 137.

Foreign-Born Population

1.34%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

1.59k people

1.51%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

1.8k people

As of 2022, 1.34% of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH residents (1.59k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.6%. In 2021, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was 1.51%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
1,740 households (1.55%)
Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or Other West Germanic Languages
201 households (0.179%)
Japanese
185 households (0.165%)

2.75% of the households in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2022, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was Spanish. 1.55% of the households in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,489 ± 225
Gulf War (2001-)
1,143 ± 222
Gulf War (1990s)
963 ± 224

Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 2.18 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH employs 54.4k people. The largest industries in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH are Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (3,524 people), Restaurants & Food Services (3,478 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (3,331 people), and the highest paying industries are Miscellaneous wood products ($110,731), Nondepository credit & related activities ($99,545), and Residential care facilities, except skilled nursing facilities ($92,851).

Males in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH have an average income that is 1.24 times higher than the average income of females, which is $47,161. The income inequality in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH (measured using the Gini index) is 0.393, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

25,510

Women

46.9%

28,835

Men

53.1%

The workforce of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH in 2020 was 54,345 people, with 46.9% woman, and 53.1% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

54.4k

2022 Value

−0.231%

1 Year decline

± −0.231%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH declined at a rate of −0.231%, from 54.6k employees to 54.4k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH, are Laborers & freight, stock, & material movers, hand (2,331 people), Miscellaneous production workers, including semiconductor processors (1,629 people), and Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (1,475 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Ohio (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

54.4k

2022 Value

−0.231%

1 Year decline

± −0.231%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH declined at a rate of −0.231%, from 54.6k employees to 54.4k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH, are Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (3,524 people), Restaurants & Food Services (3,478 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (3,331 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH, though some of these residents may live in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$46,326

Median earning men ± $817

$31,440

Median earning women ± $1,162

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2022 are Public Administration ($60,489), Transportation & Warehousing, & Utilities ($56,966), and Wholesale Trade ($56,740).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2022 are Public Administration ($42,973), Wholesale Trade ($42,333), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($41,723).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

Y-Axis

1.48%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 5.51M people employed in Ohio. This represents a 1.48% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 15.4%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Ohio.

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Ohio went to Donald J. Trump with 53.3% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (45.2%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.14%).

Sherrod Brown and J. D. Vance are the senators currently representing the state of Ohio. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Ohio is currently represented by 15 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH. Showing the available data for Ohio.

2020 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (53.3%)
Republican Party
Joseph R Biden Jr. (45.2%)
Democratic Party
Jo Jorgensen (1.14%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Ohio went to Donald J. Trump with 53.3% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (45.2%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.14%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Ohio for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Ohio

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

Sherrod Brown

Senator from Ohio

Assumed office on January 3, 2007

J. D. Vance

Senator from Ohio

Assumed office on January 3, 2023

Sherrod Brown and J. D. Vance are the senators currently representing Ohio.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Ohio over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Ohio

Ohio is currently represented by 15 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Ohio have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2022, universities in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH awarded 1,031 degrees. The student population of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH in 2022 is skewed towards women, with 1,968 male students and 2,202 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH are White (703 and 73%), followed by Black or African American (126 and 13.1%), Unknown (71 and 7.37%), and Hispanic or Latino (33 and 3.43%).

The largest universities in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH by number of degrees awarded are Tiffin University (697 and 67.6%), Heidelberg University (313 and 30.4%), and Tiffin Academy of Hair Design (21 and 2.04%).

The most popular majors in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH are General Business Administration & Management (129 and 12.5%), Other Homeland Security, Law Enforcement, Firefighting, & Related Protective Services (61 and 5.92%), and Other Psychology (57 and 5.53%).

The median tuition cost in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH for private four year colleges is $30,760.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2022 in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH, the percentage of applicants admitted was 79.4%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 18.7%. The number of students enrolled in 2022 was 4,170 (47.2% men and 52.8% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2022 there were 4,170 students enrolled in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH, 47.2% men and 52.8% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 2,413 records, of which 56.6% were women and 43.4% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Other Homeland Security, Law Enforcement, Firefighting, & Related Protective Services
41 degrees awarded
Sport & Fitness Management
36 degrees awarded
General Business Administration & Management
82 degrees awarded

In 2022, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was Other Homeland Security, Law Enforcement, Firefighting, & Related Protective Services with 41 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Tiffin University
697 degrees awarded
Heidelberg University
313 degrees awarded
Tiffin Academy of Hair Design
21 degrees awarded

In 2022, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Tiffin University with 697 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2022, 442 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH, which is 0.75 times less than the 589 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2022 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 703 degrees mean that there were 5.58 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 126 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($30,760) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,100) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($2,250) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 0.343% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.496% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH in 2022 were High School or Equivalent (41.6k), Some college (19.4k), and Secondary Education (12.2k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was $127,700 in 2022, which is 0.453 times smaller than the national average of $281,900. Between 2021 and 2022 the median property value increased from $111,000 to $127,700, a 15% increase. The homeownership rate in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH is 71.3%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.8%.

People in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH have an average commute time of 22.4 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH is $59,606. In 2022, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was Delaware County (South) PUMA, OH with a value of $146,754, followed by Hamilton County (East)--Loveland, Montgomery Cities & Forestville PUMA, OH and Butler County (Southeast)--Monroe City & Beckett Ridge PUMA, OH, with respective values of $122,007 and $114,556.

Housing

Property

$127,700

Median Property Value 2022

±$2,937

$35,002

Median Property Taxes

±$1,112

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

71.3%

Homeownership

2022

63.1%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2022

In 2022, 71.3% of the housing units in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 71.3%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2022, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was Delaware County (South) PUMA, OH with a value of $146,754, followed by Hamilton County (East)--Loveland, Montgomery Cities & Forestville PUMA, OH and Butler County (Southeast)--Monroe City & Beckett Ridge PUMA, OH, with respective values of $122,007 and $114,556.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$59,606

Median Household Income

± $1,724

49.1k

Number of Households

± 1,372

In 2022, the median household income of the 49.1k households in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH grew to $59,606 from the previous year's value of $53,995.

The following chart displays the households in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.393

2022 Wage GINI in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH

0.403

2021 Wage GINI in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH

In 2022, the income inequality in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was 0.393 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 2.6% decline from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2022

Drove Alone (83.7%)
Carpooled (7.07%)
Worked At Home (4.54%)

In 2022, 83.7% of workers in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (7.07%) and those who worked at home (4.54%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

22.4 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH have a shorter commute time (22.4 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.7 minutes). Additionally, 2.46% of the workforce in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

11.6% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH (13.3k out of 115k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.5%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 18 - 24, followed by Females 25 - 34 and then Males < 5.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH is White, followed by Black and Two Or More.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

94.5% of the population of Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH has health coverage, with 49.4% on employee plans, 17.3% on Medicaid, 14.7% on Medicare, 12.1% on non-group plans, and 0.958% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Ohio see 1292 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.0775% increase from the previous year (1291 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1554 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 329 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

1,292 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Ohio

Primary care physicians in Ohio see an average of 1,292 patients per year. This represents a 0.0775% increase from the previous year (1,291 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Ohio in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2022, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 23.5% under 18 years, 19.3% between 18 and 34 years, 38.4% between 35 and 64 years, and 18.8% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 49% were men and 51% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

5.54%

Uninsured

49.4%

Employer Coverage

17.3%

Medicaid

14.7%

Medicare

12.1%

Non-Group

0.958%

Military or VA

Between 2021 and 2022, the percent of uninsured citizens in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH grew by 1.05% from 5.48% to 5.54%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Seneca, Wyandot & Crawford Counties PUMA, OH changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.