Norfolk, VA

Census Place

Add Comparison

2019 Population

244,601

0.404% 1-year decline

US Senator

Mark Warner

Democratic Party

US Senator

Tim Kaine

Democratic Party

2019 Median Age

30.7

0.656% 1-year increase

2019 Poverty Rate

18.7%

4.86% 1-year decrease

2019 Median Household Income

$51,590

4.97% 1-year growth

2019 Median Property Value

$206,700

3.66% 1-year growth

2019 Employed Population

104,945

0.0133% 1-year growth

About

In 2019, Norfolk, VA had a population of 245k people with a median age of 30.7 and a median household income of $51,590. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Norfolk, VA declined from 245,592 to 244,601, a −0.404% decrease and its median household income grew from $49,146 to $51,590, a 4.97% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Norfolk, VA are White (Non-Hispanic) (43.4%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (40.5%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.87%), White (Hispanic) (3.53%), and Asian (Non-Hispanic) (3.49%). 0% of the households in Norfolk, VA speak a non-English language at home as their primary language.

96.6% of the residents in Norfolk, VA are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Norfolk, VA are Old Dominion University (5,532 degrees awarded in 2020), Tidewater Community College (3,644 degrees), and Norfolk State University (867 degrees).

In 2019, the median property value in Norfolk, VA was $206,700, and the homeownership rate was 43.4%. Most people in Norfolk, VA drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 20.7 minutes. The average car ownership in Norfolk, VA was 2 cars per household.

United States Virginia Norfolk city, VA Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Norfolk City (Northeast) PUMA, VA Portsmouth & Norfolk (Southwest) Cities PUMA, VA Virginia Beach City (Central) PUMA, VA

Diversity

Norfolk, VA is home to a population of 245k people, from which 96.6% are citizens. As of 2019, 7.24% of Norfolk, VA residents were born outside of the country (17.7k people).

In 2019, there were 1.07 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (106k people) in Norfolk, VA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 99.1k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 9.47k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Norfolk, VA

White (Non-Hispanic)
106k ± 176
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
99.1k ± 891
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
9.47k ± 965

8.04%

Hispanic Population

19.7k people

8.04% of the people in Norfolk, VA are hispanic (19.7k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Norfolk, VA as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

7.24%

2019 Foreign-Born Population

17.7k people

7.35%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

18.1k people

As of 2019, 7.24% of Norfolk, VA residents (17.7k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2018, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Norfolk, VA was 7.35%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Norfolk, VA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.1

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 1

In 2019, the median age of all people in Norfolk, VA was 30.7. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 30, were generally younger than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 39. But people in Norfolk, VA are getting getting older. In 2018, the average age of all Norfolk, VA residents was 31.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Virginia.

Most Common Origin

El Salvador
110,628 ± 8,112 people
India
90,134 ± 7,331 people
Mexico
55,497 ± 5,765 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Virginia was El Salvador, the natal country of 110,628 Virginia residents, followed by India with 90,134 and Mexico with 55,497.

Citizenship

96.6%

2019 Citizenship

96.5%

2018 Citizenship

As of 2019, 96.6% of Norfolk, VA residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2018, the percentage of US citizens in Norfolk, VA was 96.5%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Norfolk, VA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Gulf War (2001-)
13,225 ± 770
Vietnam
4,557 ± 322
Gulf War (1990s)
4,524 ± 445

Norfolk, VA has a large population of military personnel who served in Gulf War (2001-), 2.9 times greater than any other conflict.

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Virginia. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Virginia, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Virginia (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

Y-Axis

8.45%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between May 2020 and May 2021

As of May 2021, there are 145M people employed in Virginia. This represents a 8.45% increase in employment when compared to May 2020.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Virginia.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Virginia across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Economy

Median household income in Norfolk, VA is $51,590. In 2019, the place with the highest median household income in Norfolk, VA was Census Tract 24 with a value of $119,609, followed by Census Tract 22 and Census Tract 23, with respective values of $109,861 and $90,804.

Males in Virginia have an average income that is 1.34 times higher than the average income of females, which is $58,617. The income inequality in Virginia (measured using the Gini index) is 0.479, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Norfolk, VA employs 105k people. The largest industries in Norfolk, VA are Health Care & Social Assistance (13,780 people), Retail Trade (11,758 people), and Accommodation & Food Services (11,521 people), and the highest paying industries are Utilities ($58,889), Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($58,003), and Management of Companies & Enterprises ($54,493).

Wages

Median Household Income

$51,590

2019 value

± $1,086

4.97%

1 Year Growth

± 2.78%

Households in Norfolk, VA have a median annual income of $51,590, which is less than the median annual income of $65,712 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $49,146 in 2018, which represents a 4.97% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Norfolk, VA compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Sex in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Virginia.

$78,421

Average Male Salary in Virginia

± $1,407

$58,617

Average Female Salary in Virginia

± $1,090

In 2019, full-time male employees in Virginia made 1.34 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the sex-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Virginia by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Virginia.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Virginia

Asian
$72,838 ± $3,429
White
$64,618 ± $1,052
Two or More Races
$51,601 ± $4,191

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Virginia workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.13 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Virginia.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Virginia by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Norfolk, VA is from Virginia.

0.479

2019 Wage GINI in Virginia

0.479

2018 Wage GINI in Virginia

In 2019, the income inequality in Virginia was 0.479 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.00766% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Virginia was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Virginia in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Virginia across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 24
Census Tract 22
Census Tract 23

In 2019, the place with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Norfolk, VA was Census Tract 24 with a value of $119,609, followed by Census Tract 22 and Census Tract 23, with respective values of $109,861 and $90,804.

The following map shows all of the places in Norfolk, VA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Sex

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

18.7% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Norfolk, VA (41k out of 219k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.3%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Males 18 - 24 and then Females 18 - 24.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

Black
24,548 ± 1,128
White
11,965 ± 724
Hispanic
3,322 ± 428

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Norfolk, VA is Black, followed by White and Hispanic.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

105k

2019 Value

± 2,260

0.0133%

1 Year growth

± 3.02%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Norfolk, VA grew at a rate of 0.0133%, from 105k employees to 105k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Norfolk, VA, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (11,858 people), Sales & Related Occupations (10,993 people), and Food Preparation & Serving Related Occupations (8,169 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Norfolk, VA.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Norfolk, VA, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (11,858 people), Sales & Related Occupations (10,993 people), and Food Preparation & Serving Related Occupations (8,169 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Norfolk, VA has an unusually high number of residents working as Fire Fighting & Prevention, & Other Protective Service Workers Including Supervisors (1.6 times higher than expected), Food Preparation & Serving Related Occupations (1.35 times), and Installation, Maintenance, & Repair Occupations (1.34 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Norfolk, VA, by median earnings, are Legal Occupations ($85,119), Architecture & Engineering Occupations ($70,435), and Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations ($62,852).

Industries

Employment by Industries

105k

2019 Value

± 2,260

0.0133%

1 Year growth

± 3.02%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Norfolk, VA grew at a rate of 0.0133%, from 105k employees to 105k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Norfolk, VA, are Health Care & Social Assistance (13,780 people), Retail Trade (11,758 people), and Accommodation & Food Services (11,521 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Norfolk, VA, though some of these residents may live in Norfolk, VA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Norfolk, VA, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (13,780 people), Retail Trade (11,758 people), and Accommodation & Food Services (11,521 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Norfolk, VA has an unusually high number of Public Administration (1.89 times higher than expected), Accommodation & Food Services (1.46 times), and Management of Companies & Enterprises (1.25 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Norfolk, VA, by median earnings, are Utilities ($58,889), Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($58,003), and Management of Companies & Enterprises ($54,493).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Virginia to other states, or from other states to Virginia.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

Mixed freight
$37.3B
Electronics
$28.7B
Machinery
$25.6B

In 2020, the top outbound Virginia product (by dollars) was Mixed freight with $37.3B, followed by Electronics ($28.7B) and Machinery ($25.6B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Virginia products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Virginia.

$325B

2020 Value in Virginia

$612B

Projected 2050 Value in Virginia

88.1% growth

In 2020, total outbound Virginia trade was $325B. This is expected to increase 88.1% to $612B by 2050.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Virginia trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Virginia to other states, or from other states to Virginia.

Most Common Trade Partners

In 2020, the top outbound Virginia domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was North Carolina with $25B, followed by Maryland with $18.9B and Pennsylvania and $13.2B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Virginia shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Virginia went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 54.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (44%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.45%). The most partisan county was Petersburg County, VA with 87.7% of the vote going to Joseph R Biden Jr. running for the Democratic Party.

Mark Warner and Tim Kaine are the senators currently representing the state of Virginia. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Virginia is currently represented by 11 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Norfolk, VA. Showing the available data for Virginia.

2020 Election Results

Joseph R Biden Jr. (54.1%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (44%)
Republican Party
Jo Jorgensen (1.45%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Virginia went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 54.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (44%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.45%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Virginia for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Virginia.

Joseph R Biden Jr.

Popular Vote for Virginia

54.1% for the Democratic Party

Most Partisan Counties in Virginia

Petersburg County, VA
87.7% for Joseph R Biden Jr. (Democratic Party)
Roanoke County, VA
87.2% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Charlottesville County, VA
85.5% for Joseph R Biden Jr. (Democratic Party)

In the 2020 presidential election, the most partisan county in Virginia was Petersburg County, VA with 87.7% of the vote going to Joseph R Biden Jr. running for the Democratic Party.

The following map shows the counties in Virginia colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Virginia

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

Mark Warner

Senator from Virginia

Assumed office on January 3, 2009

Tim Kaine

Senator from Virginia

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Mark Warner and Tim Kaine are the senators currently representing Virginia.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Virginia over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Virginia

Virginia is currently represented by 11 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Virginia have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2020, universities in Norfolk, VA awarded 11,159 degrees. The student population of Norfolk, VA is skewed towards women, with 19,771 male students and 29,161 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Norfolk, VA are White (5,213 and 47.7%), followed by Black or African American (3,334 and 30.5%), Hispanic or Latino (840 and 7.68%), and Two or More Races (636 and 5.82%).

The largest universities in Norfolk, VA by number of degrees awarded are Old Dominion University (5,532 and 49.6%), Tidewater Community College (3,644 and 32.7%), and Norfolk State University (867 and 7.77%).

The most popular majors in Norfolk, VA are General Studies (517 and 4.63%), General Business Administration & Management (464 and 4.16%), and Registered Nursing (438 and 3.93%).

The median tuition cost in Norfolk, VA for a public four year colleges is $6,391 for in-state students and $21,792 for out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Psychology
360 degree-majorss awarded
Other Multidisciplinary Studies
291 degree-majorss awarded
General Biological Sciences
252 degree-majorss awarded

In 2020, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Norfolk, VA was General Psychology with 360 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Norfolk, VA according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Old Dominion University
5,532 degrees awarded
Tidewater Community College
3,644 degrees awarded
Norfolk State University
867 degrees awarded

$6,391

Median In-State Public

In 2020, the Norfolk, VA institution with the largest number of graduating students was Old Dominion University with 5,532 degrees awarded.

Student Sex for Common Institutions

4,618

Degrees Awarded to Men

6,541

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2020, 4,618 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Norfolk, VA, which is 0.706 times less than the 6,541 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the sex disparity between the institutions in Norfolk, VA by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
5,213 degrees awarded
Black or African American
3,334 degrees awarded
Hispanic or Latino
840 degrees awarded

In 2020 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Norfolk, VA was White students. These 5,213 degrees mean that there were 1.56 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 3,334 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Norfolk, VA was $206,700 in 2019, which is 0.859 times smaller than the national average of $240,500. Between 2018 and 2019 the median property value increased from $199,400 to $206,700, a 3.66% increase. The homeownership rate in Norfolk, VA is 43.4%, which is lower than the national average of 64.1%. People in Norfolk, VA have an average commute time of 20.7 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Norfolk, VA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$206,700

2019 Median

± $3,247

$199,400

2018 Median

± $2,627

In 2019, the median property value in Norfolk, VA grew to to $206,700 from the previous year's value of $199,400.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Norfolk, VA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Norfolk, VA the largest share of households have a property value in the $200k - $250k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$51,590

Median Household Income

± $1,086

88.4k

Number of Households

± 1,792

In 2019, the median household income of the 88.4k households in Norfolk, VA grew to $51,590 from the previous year's value of $49,146.

The following chart displays the households in Norfolk, VA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

$3k+

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Norfolk, VA distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Norfolk, VA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

Rent vs Own

43.4%

2019 Homeownership

43.1%

2018 Homeownership

In 2019, 43.4% of the housing units in Norfolk, VA were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 43.1%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 64.1%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Norfolk, VA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

20.7 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Norfolk, VA have a shorter commute time (20.7 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.5 minutes). Additionally, 1.63% of the workforce in Norfolk, VA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Norfolk, VA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2019

Drove Alone (73.2%)
Walked (9.94%)
Carpooled (7.99%)

In 2019, 73.2% of workers in Norfolk, VA drove alone to work, followed by those who walked to work (9.94%) and those who carpooled to work (7.99%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Norfolk, VA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Norfolk, VA have 2 cars, followed by false.

Health

88.1% of the population of Norfolk, VA has health coverage, with 36.7% on employee plans, 17.1% on Medicaid, 7.72% on Medicare, 14.9% on non-group plans, and 11.7% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Virginia was $7,556 in 2014. This is a 3.42% increase from the previous year ($7,306).

Primary care physicians in Norfolk city, VA see 988 patients per year on average, which represents a 3.89% decrease from the previous year (1028 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1103 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 453 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Nottoway County and Bristol city have the highest prevalence of diabetes (22.5%). Additionally, King and Queen County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (48.7%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the country level. Showing data for Norfolk city, VA.

988 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Norfolk city, VA

Primary care physicians in Norfolk city, VA see an average of 988 patients per year. This represents a 3.89% decrease from the previous year (1,028 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Norfolk city, VA in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Virginia.

$7,556

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Virginia

$4,218

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$7,361

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$9,677

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Virginia (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 3.42%, from $7,306 to $7,556.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

11.9%

Uninsured

36.7%

Employer Coverage

17.1%

Medicaid

7.72%

Medicare

14.9%

Non-Group

11.7%

Military or VA

Between 2018 and 2019, the percent of uninsured citizens in Norfolk, VA declined by 7.95% from 12.9% to 11.9%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Norfolk, VA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.