Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

Add Comparison

2022 Population

126,479

29.1% 1-year decline

US Senator

Marsha Blackburn

Republican Party

US Senator

Bill Hagerty

Republican Party

2022 Median Age

40.5

1.22% 1-year decrease

2022 Poverty Rate

13.3%

7.84% 1-year decrease

2022 Median Household Income

$60,001

11.7% 1-year growth

2022 Median Property Value

$197,400

19.3% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

50,305

30.7% 1-year decline

About

In 2022, Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN had a population of 126k people with a median age of 40.5 and a median household income of $60,001. Between 2021 and 2022 the population of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN declined from 178,412 to 126,479, a −29.1% decrease and its median household income grew from $53,712 to $60,001, a 11.7% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN are White (Non-Hispanic) (84.8%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (3.98%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.95%), White (Hispanic) (2.33%), and Two+ (Hispanic) (1.97%).

7.15% of the households in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

97.6% of the residents in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN are Lee University (220613) (1,133 degrees awarded in 2022), Cleveland State Community College (219879) (1,092 degrees), and Brillare Beauty Institute (140 degrees).

In 2022, the median property value in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was $197,400, and the homeownership rate was 69.6%.

Most people in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 24 minutes. The average car ownership in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was 2 cars per household.

Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN borders Northwest Georgia Regional Commission (North Central)--Whitfield County PUMA, GA, Northwest Georgia Regional Commission (Northeast) PUMA, GA, Jackson (South), Macon, Cherokee & Clay Counties PUMA, NC, Hamilton County (North)--Soddy-Daisy city PUMA, TN, McMinn, Rhea & Bledsoe Counties--Athens city PUMA, TN, and Loudon & Monroe Counties--Lenoir City PUMA, TN.

United States Georgia North Carolina Tennessee

Population & Diversity

Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN is home to a population of 126k people, from which 97.6% are citizens. As of 2022, 4.68% of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN residents were born outside of the country (5.92k people).

In 2022, there were 21.3 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (107k people) in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN than any other race or ethnicity. There were 5.04k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 3.74k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN are Spanish (5,173 households), Russian (781 households), and Ukrainian or Other Slavic Languages (554 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

62,169

Women

50.4%

61,122

Men

49.6%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 123,291 inhabitants, with 49.6% men, and 50.4% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

97.6%

2022 Citizenship

97.5%

2021 Citizenship

As of 2022, 97.6% of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.5%. In 2021, the percentage of US citizens in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was 97.5%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN

White (Non-Hispanic)
107k ± 657
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
5.04k ± 292
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
3.74k ± 596

6.25%

Hispanic Population

7.9k people

6.25% of the people in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN are hispanic (7.9k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
1,463 ± 933 people
India
667 ± 632 people
Nigeria
263 ± 398 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was Mexico, the natal country of 1,463 Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN residents, followed by India with 667 and Nigeria with 263.

Foreign-Born Population

4.68%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

5.92k people

4.32%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

7.72k people

As of 2022, 4.68% of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN residents (5.92k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.6%. In 2021, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was 4.32%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
5,173 households (4.32%)
Russian
781 households (0.653%)
Ukrainian or Other Slavic Languages
554 households (0.463%)

7.15% of the households in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2022, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was Spanish. 4.32% of the households in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,621 ± 338
Gulf War (2001-)
1,610 ± 436
Gulf War (1990s)
1,411 ± 469

Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.63 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN employs 50.3k people. The largest industries in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN are Elementary & secondary schools (3,528 people), Restaurants & Food Services (2,771 people), and Construction (2,050 people), and the highest paying industries are Air transportation ($183,712), Furniture & home furnishings stores ($181,317), and National security & international affairs ($138,461).

Males in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN have an average income that is 1.37 times higher than the average income of females, which is $45,289. The income inequality in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN (measured using the Gini index) is 0.416, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

34,468

Women

47.6%

37,888

Men

52.4%

The workforce of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN in 2020 was 72,356 people, with 47.6% woman, and 52.4% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

50.3k

2022 Value

−30.7%

1 Year decline

± −30.7%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN declined at a rate of −30.7%, from 72.6k employees to 50.3k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN, are Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (1,389 people), Elementary & middle school teachers (1,369 people), and Laborers & freight, stock, & material movers, hand (1,300 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Tennessee (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

View Full Dashboard

Industries

Employment by Industries

50.3k

2022 Value

−30.7%

1 Year decline

± −30.7%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN declined at a rate of −30.7%, from 72.6k employees to 50.3k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN, are Elementary & secondary schools (3,528 people), Restaurants & Food Services (2,771 people), and Construction (2,050 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN, though some of these residents may live in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$45,792

Median earning men ± $1,721

$31,651

Median earning women ± $1,560

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2022 are Wholesale Trade ($58,583), Information ($55,815), and Manufacturing ($54,617).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2022 are Wholesale Trade ($51,424), Public Administration ($49,375), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($40,718).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Georgia.

Y-Axis

2.94%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 4.87M people employed in Georgia. This represents a 2.94% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 11.9%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Georgia.

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Tennessee went to Donald J. Trump with 60.7% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (37.5%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (0.978%).

Marsha Blackburn and Bill Hagerty are the senators currently representing the state of Tennessee. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Tennessee is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN. Showing the available data for Tennessee.

2020 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (60.7%)
Republican Party
Joseph R Biden Jr. (37.5%)
Democratic Party
Jo Jorgensen (0.978%)
Independent Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Tennessee went to Donald J. Trump with 60.7% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (37.5%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (0.978%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Tennessee for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Tennessee

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Tennessee.

Marsha Blackburn

Senator from Tennessee

Assumed office on January 3, 2019

Bill Hagerty

Senator from Tennessee

Assumed office on January 3, 2021

Marsha Blackburn and Bill Hagerty are the senators currently representing Tennessee.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Tennessee over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Tennessee

Tennessee is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Tennessee have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2022, universities in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN awarded 2,453 degrees. The student population of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN in 2022 is skewed towards women, with 3,282 male students and 4,645 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN are White (2,004 and 83.4%), followed by Black or African American (142 and 5.91%), Hispanic or Latino (108 and 4.5%), and Unknown (52 and 2.16%).

The largest universities in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN by number of degrees awarded are Lee University (220613) (1,133 and 46.2%), Cleveland State Community College (219879) (1,092 and 44.5%), and Brillare Beauty Institute (140 and 5.71%).

The most popular majors in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN are Liberal Arts & Sciences (567 and 23.1%), General Business Administration & Management (257 and 10.5%), and Registered Nursing (129 and 5.26%).

The median tuition cost in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN for private four year colleges is $11,700.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2022 in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN, the percentage of applicants admitted was 72.6%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 35.4%. The number of students enrolled in 2022 was 7,927 (41.4% men and 58.6% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2022 there were 7,927 students enrolled in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN, 41.4% men and 58.6% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 5,849 records, of which 59.4% were women and 40.6% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

General Psychology
64 degrees awarded
Liberal Arts & Sciences
53 degrees awarded
Registered Nursing
86 degrees awarded

In 2022, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was General Psychology with 64 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Lee University (220613)
1,133 degrees awarded
Cleveland State Community College (219879)
1,092 degrees awarded
Brillare Beauty Institute
140 degrees awarded

In 2022, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Lee University (220613) with 1,133 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2022, 1,015 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN, which is 0.706 times less than the 1,438 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2022 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 2,004 degrees mean that there were 14.1 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 142 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($11,700) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($463) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2022.

Public, 2-year ($1,460) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 0.735% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.883% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN in 2022 were High School or Equivalent (32.9k), Some college (23.9k), and Secondary Education (15.4k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was $197,400 in 2022, which is 0.7 times smaller than the national average of $281,900. Between 2021 and 2022 the median property value increased from $165,500 to $197,400, a 19.3% increase. The homeownership rate in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN is 69.6%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.8%.

People in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN have an average commute time of 24 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN is $60,001. In 2022, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was Williamson County--Brentwood & Franklin cities, Nolensville town (west) PUMA, TN with a value of $127,269, followed by Williamson County--Thompson Station town & Fairview city PUMA, TN and Shelby County (Southeast)--Collierville town & Germantown city PUMA, TN, with respective values of $123,165 and $116,819.

Housing

Property

$197,400

Median Property Value 2022

±$5,291

$33,703

Median Property Taxes

±$1,421

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN the largest share of households pay taxes in the < $800 range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

69.6%

Homeownership

2022

67.9%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2022

In 2022, 69.6% of the housing units in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 70.2%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2022, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was Williamson County--Brentwood & Franklin cities, Nolensville town (west) PUMA, TN with a value of $127,269, followed by Williamson County--Thompson Station town & Fairview city PUMA, TN and Shelby County (Southeast)--Collierville town & Germantown city PUMA, TN, with respective values of $123,165 and $116,819.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$60,001

Median Household Income

± $2,206

48.4k

Number of Households

± 1,740

In 2022, the median household income of the 48.4k households in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN grew to $60,001 from the previous year's value of $53,712.

The following chart displays the households in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.416

2022 Wage GINI in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN

0.439

2021 Wage GINI in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN

In 2022, the income inequality in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was 0.416 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 5.13% decline from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2022

Drove Alone (81.5%)
Carpooled (10.9%)
Worked At Home (5.58%)

In 2022, 81.5% of workers in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (10.9%) and those who worked at home (5.58%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

24 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN have a shorter commute time (24 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.7 minutes). Additionally, 2.08% of the workforce in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

13.3% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN (16.4k out of 123k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.5%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Males 25 - 34 and then Females 55 - 64.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN is White, followed by Hispanic and Two Or More.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

88.5% of the population of Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN has health coverage, with 43.7% on employee plans, 17.2% on Medicaid, 13.6% on Medicare, 12.5% on non-group plans, and 1.46% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Tennessee see 1403 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.143% increase from the previous year (1401 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1793 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 560 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Tennessee.

1,403 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Tennessee

Primary care physicians in Tennessee see an average of 1,403 patients per year. This represents a 0.143% increase from the previous year (1,401 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Tennessee in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2022, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 22.9% under 18 years, 20.4% between 18 and 34 years, 39.3% between 35 and 64 years, and 17.4% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 47.5% were men and 52.5% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

11.5%

Uninsured

43.7%

Employer Coverage

17.2%

Medicaid

13.6%

Medicare

12.5%

Non-Group

1.46%

Military or VA

Between 2021 and 2022, the percent of uninsured citizens in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN grew by 1.64% from 11.4% to 11.5%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Bradley & Polk Counties--Cleveland city PUMA, TN changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.