NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2022 Population

125,413

2.3% 1-year growth

US Senator

Chuck Schumer

Democratic Party

US Senator

Kirsten Gillibrand

Democratic Party

2022 Poverty Rate

32.2%

2.18% 1-year increase

2022 Median Household Income

$37,855

7.13% 1-year growth

2022 Median Property Value

$667,100

15% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

48,413

0.241% 1-year decline

About

In 2022, NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY had a population of 125k people with a median age of N/A and a median household income of $37,855. Between 2021 and 2022 the population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY grew from 122,589 to 125,413, a 2.3% increase and its median household income grew from $35,334 to $37,855, a 7.13% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY are Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (30.9%), Other (Hispanic) (21.2%), White (Non-Hispanic) (14.3%), White (Hispanic) (8.71%), and Asian (Non-Hispanic) (8.2%).

47.1% of the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

89.3% of the residents in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY are Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (193405) (372 degrees awarded in 2022), Helene Fuld College of Nursing (363 degrees), and Phillips School of Nursing at Mount Sinai Beth Israel (189282) (123 degrees).

In 2022, the median property value in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was $667,100, and the homeownership rate was 7.92%.

Most people in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY used public transit to get to work, and the average commute time was 35.8 minutes. The average car ownership in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was 0 cars per household.

NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY borders NYC-Manhattan Community District 7--Upper West Side PUMA, NY, NYC-Manhattan Community District 8--Upper East Side & Roosevelt Island PUMA, NY, NYC-Manhattan Community District 10--Harlem PUMA, NY, NYC-Bronx Community District 4--Highbridge & Concourse PUMA, NY, NYC-Bronx Community Districts 1 & 2--Melrose, Mott Haven, Longwood, & Hunts Point PUMA, NY, and NYC-Queens Community District 1--Astoria & Queensbridge PUMA, NY.

United States New York

Population & Diversity

NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY is home to a population of 125k people, from which 89.3% are citizens. As of 2022, 23% of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY residents were born outside of the country (28.8k people).

In 2022, there were 1.46 times more Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) residents (38.7k people) in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY than any other race or ethnicity. There were 26.5k Other (Hispanic) and 18k White (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY are Spanish (40,389 households), Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese) (5,103 households), and French (Incl. Cajun) (2,121 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

67,136

Women

54.2%

56,773

Men

45.8%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 123,909 inhabitants, with 45.8% men, and 54.2% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

89.3%

2022 Citizenship

88.6%

2021 Citizenship

As of 2022, 89.3% of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.5%. In 2021, the percentage of US citizens in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was 88.6%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY

Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
38.7k ± 2.35k
Other (Hispanic)
26.5k ± 2.92k
White (Non-Hispanic)
18k ± 1.41k

43%

Hispanic Population

53.9k people

43% of the people in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY are hispanic (53.9k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Dominican Republic
8,127 ± 2,139 people
China
3,683 ± 1,468 people
Mexico
3,127 ± 1,355 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was Dominican Republic, the natal country of 8,127 NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY residents, followed by China with 3,683 and Mexico with 3,127.

Foreign-Born Population

23%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

28.8k people

23.7%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

29k people

As of 2022, 23% of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY residents (28.8k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.6%. In 2021, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was 23.7%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
40,389 households (34.1%)
Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese)
5,103 households (4.31%)
French (Incl. Cajun)
2,121 households (1.79%)

47.1% of the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is higher than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2022, the most common non-English language spoken in households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was Spanish. 34.1% of the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Gulf War (2001-)
639 ± 280
Vietnam
380 ± 138
Gulf War (1990s)
228 ± 147

NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY has a large population of military personnel who served in Gulf War (2001-), 1.68 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY employs 48.4k people. The largest industries in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY are , and the highest paying industries are National security & international affairs ($255,339), Legal services ($175,597), and Miscellaneous retail stores ($151,765).

Males in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY have an average income that is 1.23 times higher than the average income of females, which is $76,647. The income inequality in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY (measured using the Gini index) is 0.501, which is higher than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

24,786

Women

52.9%

22,036

Men

47.1%

The workforce of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY in 2020 was 46,822 people, with 52.9% woman, and 47.1% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

48.4k

2022 Value

−0.241%

1 Year decline

± −0.241%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY declined at a rate of −0.241%, from 48.5k employees to 48.4k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY, are Home health aides (1,694 people), Janitors & building cleaners (1,621 people), and Physicians (1,366 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in New York (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

48.4k

2022 Value

−0.241%

1 Year decline

± −0.241%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY declined at a rate of −0.241%, from 48.5k employees to 48.4k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY, are . This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY, though some of these residents may live in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$49,191

Median earning men ± $4,194

$43,653

Median earning women ± $4,352

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2022 are Public Administration ($82,308), Information ($71,766), and Professional, Scientific, & Management, & Administrative & Waste Management Services ($67,295).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2022 are Information ($69,302), Manufacturing ($68,371), and Wholesale Trade ($59,583).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

Y-Axis

2.74%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 9.56M people employed in New York. This represents a 2.74% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 19.7%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in New York.

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 60.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (37.5%), followed by Other (0.813%).

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing the state of New York. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

New York is currently represented by 26 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY. Showing the available data for New York.

2020 Election Results

Joseph R Biden Jr. (60.4%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (37.5%)
Republican Party
Other (0.813%)
Alliance, American Solidarity, Becoming One Nation, Constitution, Independent, Other, Party For Socialism And Liberation, Prohibition, and The Birthday Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 60.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (37.5%), followed by Other (0.813%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in New York for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from New York

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

Chuck Schumer

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 3, 1999

Kirsten Gillibrand

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 26, 2009
Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Hillary Clinton, who had become Secretary of State.

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing New York.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in New York over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from New York

New York is currently represented by 26 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for New York have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

Most students graduating from Universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY are Black or African American (296 and 33.9%), followed by White (266 and 30.4%), Asian (163 and 18.6%), and Hispanic or Latino (98 and 11.2%).

The largest universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY by number of degrees awarded are Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (193405) (372 and NaNk%), Helene Fuld College of Nursing (363 and NaNk%), and Phillips School of Nursing at Mount Sinai Beth Israel (189282) (123 and NaNk%).

The most popular majors in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY are Registered Nursing (453 and NaNk%), Medicine (127 and NaNk%), and General Biomedical Sciences (109 and NaNk%).

The median tuition cost in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY for private four year colleges is $29,048.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2022 in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY, the percentage of applicants admitted was 12%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 66.7%. The number of students enrolled in 2022 was 2,460 (31.7% men and 68.3% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2022 there were 2,460 students enrolled in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY, 31.7% men and 68.3% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 732 records, of which 66.9% were women and 33.1% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Registered Nursing

Most Common

330 degrees awarded

In 2022, the most common concentation for Associates Degree recipients in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was N/A with N/A degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Associates Degree from schools in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (193405)
372 degrees awarded
Helene Fuld College of Nursing
363 degrees awarded
Phillips School of Nursing at Mount Sinai Beth Israel (189282)
123 degrees awarded

In 2022, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (193405) with 372 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2022, 253 men were awarded degrees from institutions in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY, which is 0.377 times less than the 671 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2022 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was Black or African American students. These 296 degrees mean that there were 1.11 times more degrees awarded to Black or African American students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, White, with 266 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($29,048) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($3,425) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($3,378) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 2.29% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 2.43% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY in 2022 were High School or Equivalent (24.7k), Bachelors Degree (19.9k), and Secondary Education (19.5k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was $667,100 in 2022, which is 2.37 times larger than the national average of $281,900. Between 2021 and 2022 the median property value increased from $580,100 to $667,100, a 15% increase. The homeownership rate in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY is 7.92%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.8%.

People in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY have an average commute time of 35.8 minutes, and they used public transit to get to work. Car ownership in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY is lower than the national average, with an average of 0 cars per household.

Median household income in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY is $37,855. In N/A, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was NYC-Manhattan Community Districts 1 & 2--Financial District & Greenwich Village PUMA, NY with a value of $171,480, followed by Nassau County (Central)--Hempstead Town (East Central) PUMA, NY and Westchester County (Northeast) PUMA, NY, with respective values of $168,423 and $167,513.

Housing

Property

$667,100

Median Property Value 2022

±$65,043

$4,273

Median Property Taxes

±$511

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

7.92%

Homeownership

2022

68.3%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2022

In 2022, 7.92% of the housing units in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 7.9%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In N/A, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was NYC-Manhattan Community Districts 1 & 2--Financial District & Greenwich Village PUMA, NY with a value of $171,480, followed by Nassau County (Central)--Hempstead Town (East Central) PUMA, NY and Westchester County (Northeast) PUMA, NY, with respective values of $168,423 and $167,513.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$37,855

Median Household Income

± $3,150

53.9k

Number of Households

± 2,376

In 2022, the median household income of the 53.9k households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY grew to $37,855 from the previous year's value of $35,334.

The following chart displays the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the < $10k range.

Wage Distribution

0.501

2022 Wage GINI in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY

0.501

2021 Wage GINI in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY

In 2022, the income inequality in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was 0.501 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.118% decline from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2022

Public Transit (62.9%)
Worked At Home (13.1%)
Walked (11.2%)

In 2022, 62.9% of workers in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY used public transit to get to work, followed by those who worked at home (13.1%) and those who walked to work (11.2%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

35.8 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY have a longer commute time (35.8 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.7 minutes). Additionally, 3.04% of the workforce in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

0 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY have 0 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

32.2% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY (39.3k out of 122k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.5%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 35 - 44, followed by Females 65 - 74 and then Females 25 - 34.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY is false, followed by false and false.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

93.3% of the population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY has health coverage, with 35.7% on employee plans, 37.9% on Medicaid, 8.65% on Medicare, 10.5% on non-group plans, and 0.474% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in New York see 1174 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.508% decrease from the previous year (1180 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1218 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 299 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

1,174 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in New York

Primary care physicians in New York see an average of 1,174 patients per year. This represents a 0.508% decrease from the previous year (1,180 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in New York in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2022, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 20.7% under 18 years, 25.3% between 18 and 34 years, 39.2% between 35 and 64 years, and 14.9% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 44.3% were men and 55.7% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

6.74%

Uninsured

35.7%

Employer Coverage

37.9%

Medicaid

8.65%

Medicare

10.5%

Non-Group

0.474%

Military or VA

Between 2021 and 2022, the percent of uninsured citizens in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY declined by 5.73% from 7.15% to 6.74%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in NYC-Manhattan Community District 11--East Harlem PUMA, NY changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.