Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2024 Population

130,306

US Senator

Cory Booker

Democratic Party

US Senator

Andy Kim

Democratic Party

2024 Median Age

39.7

0.761% 1-year increase

2024 Poverty Rate

10.5%

1.9% 1-year decrease

2024 Median Household Income

$104,143

2.18% 1-year growth

2024 Median Property Value

$507,200

5.58% 1-year growth

2024 Employed Population

65,145

1.72% 1-year growth

About

51.8% of the households in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

87.7% of the residents in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ are Felician University (576 degrees awarded in 2024).

In 2024, the median property value in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was $507,200, and the homeownership rate was 58%.

Most people in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 27.7 minutes. The average car ownership in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was 2 cars per household.

Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ borders Bergen County (South Central)--Hackensack & Teaneck PUMA, NJ, Bergen County (Southwest)--Rutherford, North Arlington & Hasbrouck Heights PUMA, NJ, Bergen County (North Central)--Bergenfield, Paramus, Dumont & New Milford PUMA, NJ, Bergen County (Central)--Ridgewood Village, Glen Rock & Westwood PUMA, NJ, Passaic County (South)--Passaic & Clifton (SE) PUMA, NJ, Passaic County (Central)--Hawthorne PUMA, NJ, and Passaic County--Paterson PUMA, NJ.

United States New Jersey

Population & Diversity

Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ is home to a population of 130k people, from which 87.7% are citizens. As of 2024, 36.6% of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ residents were born outside of the country (47.7k people).

In 2024, there were 4.28 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (67k people) in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ than any other race or ethnicity. There were 15.6k Two Races Including Other (Hispanic) and 14.1k Other (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary language in households in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ are Spanish (30,124 households), Polish (6,439 households), and Russian (4,145 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

66,657

Women

51.2%

63,620

Men

48.8%

The resident population of United States in 2024 was 130,277 inhabitants, with 48.8% men, and 51.2% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

87.7%

2024 Citizenship

87.7%

2023 Citizenship

As of 2024, 87.7% of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.2%. In 2023, the percentage of US citizens in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was 87.7%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ

White (Non-Hispanic)
67k ± 2.18k
Two Races Including Other (Hispanic)
15.6k ± 1.63k
Other (Hispanic)
14.1k ± 1.76k

31%

Hispanic Population

40.4k people

31% of the people in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ are hispanic (40.4k people).

The following chart shows the 8 races represented in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Dominican Republic
4,806 ± 1,670 people
Poland
4,727 ± 1,657 people
Colombia
3,575 ± 1,448 people

In 2024, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was Dominican Republic, the natal country of 4,806 Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ residents, followed by Poland with 4,727 and Colombia with 3,575.

Foreign-Born Population

36.6%

2024 Foreign-Born Population

47.7k people

36.3%

2023 Foreign-Born Population

46.9k people

As of 2024, 36.6% of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ residents (47.7k people) were born outside of the United States, which is approximately the same as the national average of 14%. In 2023, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was 36.3%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
30,124 households (24.4%)
Polish
6,439 households (5.21%)
Russian
4,145 households (3.36%)

51.8% of the households in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is higher than the national average of 22.3%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2024, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was Spanish. 24.4% of the households in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Gulf War (2001-)
953 ± 321
Vietnam
829 ± 248
Korea
227 ± 111

Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ has a large population of military personnel who served in Gulf War (2001-), 1.15 times greater than any other conflict.

The chart shows the distribution of veterans by conflict in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ.

Health

91% of the population of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ has health coverage, with 53.5% on employee plans, 15.5% on Medicaid, 12.6% on Medicare, 9.09% on non-group plans, and 0.319% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in New Jersey see 1,279 patients per year on average, which represents a 0% change from the previous year (1,279 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1157 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 320 patients per year.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 48.8% were men and 51.2% were women.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New Jersey.

1,279 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in New Jersey

Primary care physicians in New Jersey see an average of 1,279 patients per year. This represents a 0% change from the previous year (1,279 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in New Jersey in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2024, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 22.4% under 18 years, 20.4% between 18 and 34 years, 40.7% between 35 and 64 years, and 16.5% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 48.8% were men and 51.2% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

8.95%

Uninsured

53.5%

Employer Coverage

15.5%

Medicaid

12.6%

Medicare

9.09%

Non-Group

0.319%

Military or VA

Between 2023 and 2024, the percent of uninsured citizens in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ declined by 3.94% from 9.32% to 8.95%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.

Economy

The economy of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ employs 65.1k people. In 2024, the largest industries in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ were Elementary & secondary schools (4,923 people), Construction (3,622 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (3,466 people), and the highest paying industries were Not specified wholesale trade ($210,729), Other professional, scientific & technical services ($200,569), and Wired telecommunications carriers ($186,546).

Males in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ have an average income that is 1.31 times higher than the average income of females, which is $71,908. The income inequality in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ (measured using the Gini index) is 0.448, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

31,298

Women

48%

33,847

Men

52%

The workforce of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ in 2024 was 65,145 people, with 48% woman, and 52% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

65.1k

2024 Value

1.72%

1 Year growth

± 1.72%

From 2023 to 2024, employment in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ grew at a rate of 1.72%, from 64k employees to 65.1k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ, are Registered nurses (1,832 people), Cashiers (1,635 people), and Retail salespersons (1,562 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New Jersey.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in New Jersey (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

Industries

Employment by Industries

65.1k

2024 Value

1.72%

1 Year growth

± 1.72%

From 2023 to 2024, employment in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ grew at a rate of 1.72%, from 64k employees to 65.1k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ, are Elementary & secondary schools (4,923 people), Construction (3,622 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (3,466 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ, though some of these residents may live in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$64,132

Median earning men ± $2,842

$49,639

Median earning women ± $2,918

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2024 are Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($104,037), Professional, Scientific, & Management, & Administrative & Waste Management Services ($95,043), and Public Administration ($89,814).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2024 are Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($78,079), Information ($75,185), and Public Administration ($70,771).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New Jersey.

Y-Axis

2.27%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 4.24M people employed in New Jersey. This represents a 2.27% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 16.5%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in New Jersey.

Civics

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in New Jersey went to Kamala Harris with 52% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (46.1%), followed by Jill Stein (0.914%).

Cory Booker and Andy Kim are the senators currently representing the state of New Jersey. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

New Jersey is currently represented by 11 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ. Showing the available data for New Jersey.

2024 Election Results

Kamala Harris (52%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (46.1%)
Republican Party
Jill Stein (0.914%)
Green Party

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in New Jersey went to Kamala Harris with 52% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (46.1%), followed by Jill Stein (0.914%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in New Jersey for each registered party from 1976 to 2024.

Senator Elections

US Senators from New Jersey

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for New Jersey.

Cory Booker

Senator from New Jersey

Assumed office on October 31, 2013
Elected to the seat to succeed Jeffrey Chiesa, who had been appointed to the seat following the death of Frank Lautenberg.{{Cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/cory-booker-new-jersey-senate-election-098436 |title=Booker Wins New Jersey Senate Seat |work=Politico |access-date=May 21, 2020 }}

Andy Kim

Senator from New Jersey

Assumed office on December 8, 2024
Elected to the seat to succeed George Helmy, who had been appointed to the seat following the resignation of Bob Menendez.

Cory Booker and Andy Kim are the senators currently representing New Jersey.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in New Jersey over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

Education

In 2024, universities in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ awarded 576 degrees. The student population of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ in 2024 is skewed towards women, with 671 male students and 1,756 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ are Hispanic or Latino (201 and 36.7%), White (192 and 35.1%), Black or African American (95 and 17.4%), and Asian (34 and 6.22%).

The largest universities in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ by number of degrees awarded are Felician University (576 and 100%).

The most popular majors in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ are Registered Nursing (210 and 36.5%), General Business Administration & Management (59 and 10.2%), and General Biological Sciences (34 and 5.9%).

The median tuition cost for private four year colleges is $36,550.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2023 in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ, the percentage of applicants admitted was 94%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 16.5%. The number of students enrolled in 2024 was 2,427 (27.6% men and 72.4% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2024 there were 2,427 students enrolled in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ, 27.6% men and 72.4% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in Hispanic or Latino with 963 records, of which 76.4% were women and 23.6% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Registered Nursing
210 degrees awarded
General Biological Sciences
34 degrees awarded
General Business Administration & Management
33 degrees awarded

In 2024, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was Registered Nursing with 210 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Felician University

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

576 degrees awarded

In 2024, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Felician University with 576 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2024, 151 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ, which is 0.355 times less than the 425 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2024, the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was Hispanic or Latino students. These 201 degrees mean that there were 1.05 times more degrees awarded to Hispanic or Latino students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, White, with 192 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($36,550) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2024.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($2,750) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2024.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,000) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2024, 1.94% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 2.03% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ in 2024 were High School or Equivalent (30.4k), Bachelors Degree (23k), and Some college (16.2k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was $507,200 in 2024, which is 1.52 times larger than the national average of $332,700. Between 2023 and 2024 the median property value increased from $480,400 to $507,200, a 5.58% increase. The homeownership rate in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ is 58%, which is lower than the national average of 65.2%.

People in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ have an average commute time of 27.7 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property

$507,200

Median Property Value 2024

±$16,553

$26,736

Median Property Taxes

±$1,279

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

58%

Homeownership

2024

62.9%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2024

In 2024, 58% of the housing units in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 57.9%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$104,143

Median Household Income

± $5,166

46.1k

Number of Households

± 1,759

In 2024, the median household income of the 46.1k households in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ grew to $104,143 from the previous year's value of $101,921.

The following chart displays the households in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $200k+ range.

Wage Distribution

0.448

2024 Wage GINI in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ

0.453

2023 Wage GINI in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ

In 2024, the income inequality in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was 0.448 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 1.09% decline from 2023 to 2024, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ was lower than than the national average of 0.474. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2024

Drove Alone (66.1%)
Worked At Home (11.8%)
Carpooled (9.32%)

In 2024, 66.1% of workers in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (11.8%) and those who carpooled to work (9.32%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

27.7 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ have a longer commute time (27.7 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.4 minutes). Additionally, 3.2% of the workforce in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

10.5% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ (13.6k out of 130k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.5%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 18 - 24, followed by Females 25 - 34 and then Females 35 - 44.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Bergen County (West Central)--Fair Lawn, Garfield & Lodi PUMA, NJ is White, followed by Hispanic and Two Or More.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.