Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2023 Population

185,577

2.09% 1-year growth

US Senator

Mike Lee

Republican Party

US Senator

John Curtis

Republican Party

2023 Median Age

28.2

2.55% 1-year increase

2023 Poverty Rate

5.36%

6.82% 1-year increase

2023 Median Household Income

$119,756

6.08% 1-year growth

2023 Median Property Value

$564,200

14.1% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

78,118

3.8% 1-year growth

About

In 2023, Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT had a population of 186k people with a median age of 28.2 and a median household income of $119,756. Between 2022 and 2023 the population of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT grew from 181,774 to 185,577, a 2.09% increase and its median household income grew from $112,896 to $119,756, a 6.08% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT are White (Non-Hispanic) (83.3%), Two+ (Hispanic) (4.34%), White (Hispanic) (3.74%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.45%), and Other (Hispanic) (2.32%).

11.5% of the households in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

97.3% of the residents in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT are U.S. citizens.

In 2023, the median property value in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was $564,200, and the homeownership rate was 81.6%.

Most people in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 22.3 minutes. The average car ownership in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was 2 cars per household.

Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT borders Southeast Utah & Uintah Basin Region PUMA, UT, Southwest & South Central Utah (Outside Washington County)--Cedar City PUMA, UT, Salt Lake County (Southeast)--Sandy (North), Cottonwood Heights & Midvale Cities PUMA, UT, Salt Lake County (South & East Central)--Draper (Northwest) & Sandy (South) Cities PUMA, UT, Salt Lake County--South Jordan, Herriman, Bluffdale & Riverton cities PUMA, UT, Utah County (West)--Saratoga Springs, Payson & Lehi (Southwest) Cities PUMA, UT, Utah County (Central)--Orem, Pleasant Grove, American Fork & Lindon Cities PUMA, UT, and Utah County (Central)--Provo City PUMA, UT.

United States Utah

Population & Diversity

Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT is home to a population of 186k people, from which 97.3% are citizens. As of 2023, 5.32% of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT residents were born outside of the country (9.88k people).

In 2023, there were 19.2 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (155k people) in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT than any other race or ethnicity. There were 8.06k Two+ (Hispanic) and 6.95k White (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT are Spanish (13,315 households), Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese) (1,137 households), and Portuguese (805 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

89,259

Women

49.3%

91,907

Men

50.7%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 181,166 inhabitants, with 50.7% men, and 49.3% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

97.3%

2023 Citizenship

97.7%

2022 Citizenship

As of 2023, 97.3% of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2022, the percentage of US citizens in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was 97.7%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT

White (Non-Hispanic)
155k ± 2.42k
Two+ (Hispanic)
8.06k ± 1.17k
White (Hispanic)
6.95k ± 935

10.6%

Hispanic Population

19.6k people

10.6% of the people in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT are hispanic (19.6k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
2,270 ± 1,162 people
Canada
521 ± 560 people
Argentina
460 ± 526 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was Mexico, the natal country of 2,270 Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT residents, followed by Canada with 521 and Argentina with 460.

Foreign-Born Population

5.32%

2023 Foreign-Born Population

9.88k people

4.47%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

8.12k people

As of 2023, 5.32% of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT residents (9.88k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.8%. In 2022, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was 4.47%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
13,315 households (7.85%)
Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese)
1,137 households (0.67%)
Portuguese
805 households (0.475%)

11.5% of the households in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 22%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2023, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was Spanish. 7.85% of the households in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Gulf War (2001-)
1,305 ± 252
Vietnam
1,073 ± 186
Gulf War (1990s)
777 ± 208

Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT has a large population of military personnel who served in Gulf War (2001-), 1.22 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT employs 78.1k people. The largest industries in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT are Construction (5,864 people), Elementary & secondary schools (5,769 people), and Computer Systems Design (4,937 people), and the highest paying industries are Offices of optometrists ($295,804), Software publishing ($213,918), and Machinery, equipment, & supplies merchant wholesalers ($156,575).

Males in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT have an average income that is 1.9 times higher than the average income of females, which is $54,664. The income inequality in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT (measured using the Gini index) is 0.518, which is higher than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

29,356

Women

41.4%

41,473

Men

58.6%

The workforce of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT in 2020 was 70,829 people, with 41.4% woman, and 58.6% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

78.1k

2022 Value

3.8%

1 Year growth

± 3.8%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT grew at a rate of 3.8%, from 75.3k employees to 78.1k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT, are Other managers (2,975 people), Software developers (2,419 people), and Customer service representatives (2,282 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Utah (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

78.1k

2022 Value

3.8%

1 Year growth

± 3.8%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT grew at a rate of 3.8%, from 75.3k employees to 78.1k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT, are Construction (5,864 people), Elementary & secondary schools (5,769 people), and Computer Systems Design (4,937 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT, though some of these residents may live in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$70,788

Median earning men ± $2,407

$30,718

Median earning women ± $1,282

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2023 are Information ($118,031), Professional, Scientific, & Management, & Administrative & Waste Management Services ($93,449), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($86,857).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2023 are Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($45,531), Public Administration ($44,861), and Professional, Scientific, & Management, & Administrative & Waste Management Services ($42,066).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Utah.

Y-Axis

2.78%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 1.7M people employed in Utah. This represents a 2.78% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 7.69%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Utah.

Civics

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Utah went to Donald J. Trump with 59.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Kamala Harris (37.8%), followed by Chase Oliver (1.14%).

Mike Lee and John Curtis are the senators currently representing the state of Utah. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Utah is currently represented by 4 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT. Showing the available data for Utah.

2024 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (59.4%)
Republican Party
Kamala Harris (37.8%)
Democratic Party
Chase Oliver (1.14%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Utah went to Donald J. Trump with 59.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Kamala Harris (37.8%), followed by Chase Oliver (1.14%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Utah for each registered party from 1976 to 2024.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Utah

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Utah.

Mike Lee

Senator from Utah

Assumed office on January 3, 2011

John Curtis

Senator from Utah

Assumed office on January 3, 2025

Mike Lee and John Curtis are the senators currently representing Utah.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Utah over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Utah

Utah is currently represented by 4 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Utah have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

Completions

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 0.359% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.398% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT in 2022 were Bachelors Degree (31k), Some college (30.9k), and Primary Education (26.9k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was $564,200 in 2023, which is 1.86 times larger than the national average of $303,400. Between 2022 and 2023 the median property value increased from $494,300 to $564,200, a 14.1% increase. The homeownership rate in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT is 81.6%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 65%.

People in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT have an average commute time of 22.3 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT is $119,756. In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was Salt Lake County--South Jordan, Herriman, Bluffdale & Riverton cities PUMA, UT with a value of $122,459, followed by Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT and Salt Lake County (South & East Central)--Draper (Northwest) & Sandy (South) Cities PUMA, UT, with respective values of $119,756 and $119,655.

Housing

Property

$564,200

Median Property Value 2023

±$10,372

$41,731

Median Property Taxes

±$1,254

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT the largest share of households pay taxes in the $2k - $3k range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

81.6%

Homeownership

2023

68.6%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2023

In 2023, 81.6% of the housing units in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 81.1%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was Salt Lake County--South Jordan, Herriman, Bluffdale & Riverton cities PUMA, UT with a value of $122,459, followed by Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT and Salt Lake County (South & East Central)--Draper (Northwest) & Sandy (South) Cities PUMA, UT, with respective values of $119,756 and $119,655.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$119,756

Median Household Income

± $2,670

51.2k

Number of Households

± 1,599

In 2023, the median household income of the 51.2k households in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT grew to $119,756 from the previous year's value of $112,896.

The following chart displays the households in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $200k+ range.

Wage Distribution

0.518

2022 Wage GINI in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT

0.523

2021 Wage GINI in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT

In 2022, the income inequality in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was 0.518 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.785% decline from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2023

Drove Alone (68.9%)
Worked At Home (19.3%)
Carpooled (9.15%)

In 2023, 68.9% of workers in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (19.3%) and those who carpooled to work (9.15%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

22.3 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT have a shorter commute time (22.3 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.6 minutes). Additionally, 1.24% of the workforce in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

5.36% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT (9.91k out of 185k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.4%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Males 6 - 11, followed by Females 18 - 24 and then Females 6 - 11.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT is White, followed by Hispanic and Two Or More.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

94.3% of the population of Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT has health coverage, with 65% on employee plans, 5.95% on Medicaid, 6.88% on Medicare, 15.5% on non-group plans, and 0.939% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Utah see 1741 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.23% increase from the previous year (1737 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1463 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 270 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Utah.

1,741 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Utah

Primary care physicians in Utah see an average of 1,741 patients per year. This represents a 0.23% increase from the previous year (1,737 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Utah in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2023, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 38.3% under 18 years, 20% between 18 and 34 years, 32.5% between 35 and 64 years, and 9.2% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 50.8% were men and 49.2% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

5.68%

Uninsured

65%

Employer Coverage

5.95%

Medicaid

6.88%

Medicare

15.5%

Non-Group

0.939%

Military or VA

Between 2022 and 2023, the percent of uninsured citizens in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT declined by 4.65% from 5.95% to 5.68%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Utah County (East)--Spanish Fork, Springville, Lehi (Northeast) & Highland Cities PUMA, UT changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.