Springfield, MA

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

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2019 Population

697,382

10.4% 1-year growth

US Senator

Elizabeth Warren

Democratic Party

US Senator

Ed Markey

Democratic Party

2019 Median Age

39.7

2.32% 1-year increase

2019 Poverty Rate

14.8%

8.73% 1-year decrease

2019 Median Household Income

$62,346

7.76% 1-year growth

2019 Median Property Value

$241,600

1.68% 1-year growth

2019 Employed Population

346,129

16.7% 1-year growth

About

In 2019, Springfield, MA had a population of 697k people with a median age of 39.7 and a median household income of $62,346. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Springfield, MA grew from 631,761 to 697,382, a 10.4% increase and its median household income grew from $57,857 to $62,346, a 7.76% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Springfield, MA are White (Non-Hispanic) (69.3%), White (Hispanic) (13.4%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (5.37%), Other (Hispanic) (3.45%), and Asian (Non-Hispanic) (3.04%). 0% of the households in Springfield, MA speak a non-English language at home as their primary language, and 97.3% of the residents in Springfield, MA are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Springfield, MA are University of Massachusetts-Amherst (9,527 degrees awarded in 2019), Westfield State University (1,739 degrees), and Western New England University (1,050 degrees).

In 2019, the median property value in Springfield, MA was $241,600, and the homeownership rate was 63.1%. Most people in Springfield, MA drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 22.8 minutes. The average car ownership in Springfield, MA was 2 cars per household.

Springfield, MA borders Greenfield Town, MA, Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT, Pittsfield, MA, Torrington, CT, and Worcester, MA-CT.

Photo by Rusty Clark ~ 100K Photos

United States Massachusetts

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Massachusetts. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Massachusetts, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Massachusetts (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

Start Year

Y-Axis

8.45%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between May 2020 and May 2021

As of May 2021, there are 145M people employed in Massachusetts. This represents a 8.45% increase in employment when compared to May 2020.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Massachusetts.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Massachusetts across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Diversity

Springfield, MA is home to a population of 697k people, from which 97.3% are citizens. As of 2019, 14.6% of Springfield, MA residents were born outside of the country (102k people).

In 2019, there were 5.16 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (483k people) in Springfield, MA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 93.5k White (Hispanic) and 37.5k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Springfield, MA

White (Non-Hispanic)
483k ± 577
White (Hispanic)
93.5k ± 5.26k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
37.5k ± 2.6k

19.4%

Hispanic Population

135k people

19.4% of the people in Springfield, MA are hispanic (135k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Springfield, MA as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

14.6%

2019 Foreign-Born Population

102k people

8.58%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

54.2k people

As of 2019, 14.6% of Springfield, MA residents (102k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 34%. In 2018, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Springfield, MA was 8.58%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Springfield, MA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.5

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 2.2

In 2019, the median age of all people in Springfield, MA was 39.7. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 39, were generally younger than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 45. But people in Springfield, MA are getting getting older. In 2018, the average age of all Springfield, MA residents was 39.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the MSA level, so we are showing data for Massachusetts.

Most Common Origin

China
109,953 ± 8,076 people
Brazil
93,708 ± 7,464 people
Dominican Republic
92,675 ± 7,424 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Massachusetts was China, the natal country of 109,953 Massachusetts residents, followed by Brazil with 93,708 and Dominican Republic with 92,675.

Citizenship

97.3%

2019 Citizenship

96.3%

2018 Citizenship

As of 2019, 97.3% of Springfield, MA residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2018, the percentage of US citizens in Springfield, MA was 96.3%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Springfield, MA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
11,683 ± 1,261
Gulf War (2001-)
6,277 ± 1,341
Gulf War (1990s)
3,385 ± 886

Springfield, MA has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.86 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Springfield, MA is $62,346. In 2019, the county with the highest Median Household Income in Springfield, MA was Norfolk County, MA with a value of $107,361, followed by Middlesex County, MA and Plymouth County, MA, with respective values of $107,056 and $90,880.

Males in Massachusetts have an average income that is 1.3 times higher than the average income of females, which is $70,026. The income inequality in Massachusetts (measured using the Gini index) is 0.481, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Springfield, MA employs 346k people. The largest industries in Springfield, MA are Health Care & Social Assistance (62,185 people), Educational Services (54,794 people), and Retail Trade (36,907 people), and the highest paying industries are Utilities ($86,048), Management of Companies & Enterprises ($83,654), and Public Administration ($70,287).

Wages

Median Household Income

$62,346

2019 value

± $1,767

7.76%

1 Year Growth

± 5.75%

Households in Springfield, MA have a median annual income of $62,346, which is less than the median annual income of $65,712 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $57,857 in 2018, which represents a 7.76% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Springfield, MA compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the MSA level, so we are showing data for Massachusetts.

$90,776

Average Male Salary in Massachusetts

± $1,881

$70,026

Average Female Salary in Massachusetts

± $1,433

In 2019, full-time male employees in Massachusetts made 1.3 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Massachusetts by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the MSA level, so we are showing data for Massachusetts.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Massachusetts

Asian
$78,973 ± $4,094
White
$71,653 ± $1,225
American Indian
$64,612 ± $46,208

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Massachusetts workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.1 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Massachusetts.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Massachusetts by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Springfield, MA is from Massachusetts.

0.481

2019 Wage GINI in Massachusetts

0.483

2018 Wage GINI in Massachusetts

In 2019, the income inequality in Massachusetts was 0.481 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.545% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Massachusetts was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Massachusetts in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Massachusetts across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2019, the county with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Springfield, MA was Norfolk County, MA with a value of $107,361, followed by Middlesex County, MA and Plymouth County, MA, with respective values of $107,056 and $90,880.

The following map shows all of the counties in Springfield, MA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

14.8% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Springfield, MA (97.9k out of 661k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.3%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 18 - 24 and then Males 18 - 24.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
71,909 ± 2,043
Hispanic
43,756 ± 1,410
Black
10,814 ± 808

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Springfield, MA is White, followed by Hispanic and Black.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

346k

2019 Value

± 10,113

16.7%

1 Year growth

± 3.63%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Springfield, MA grew at a rate of 16.7%, from 297k employees to 346k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Springfield, MA, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (35,173 people), Management Occupations (35,012 people), and Education Instruction, & Library Occupations (28,637 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Springfield, MA.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Springfield, MA, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (35,173 people), Management Occupations (35,012 people), and Education Instruction, & Library Occupations (28,637 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other MSAs, Springfield, MA has an unusually high number of residents working as Community & Social Service Occupations (1.85 times higher than expected), Healthcare Support Occupations (1.56 times), and Law Enforcement Workers Including Supervisors (1.43 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Springfield, MA, by median earnings, are Legal Occupations ($100,553), Architecture & Engineering Occupations ($80,915), and Computer & Mathematical Occupations ($77,989).

Industries

Employment by Industries

346k

2019 Value

± 10,113

16.7%

1 Year growth

± 3.63%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Springfield, MA grew at a rate of 16.7%, from 297k employees to 346k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Springfield, MA, are Health Care & Social Assistance (62,185 people), Educational Services (54,794 people), and Retail Trade (36,907 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Springfield, MA, though some of these residents may live in Springfield, MA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Springfield, MA, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (62,185 people), Educational Services (54,794 people), and Retail Trade (36,907 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other MSAs, Springfield, MA has an unusually high number of Educational Services (1.69 times higher than expected), Health Care & Social Assistance (1.29 times), and Manufacturing (1.08 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Springfield, MA, by median earnings, are Utilities ($86,048), Management of Companies & Enterprises ($83,654), and Public Administration ($70,287).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Massachusetts to other states, or from other states to Massachusetts.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

Gasoline
$33.2B
Mixed freight
$30.5B
Electronics
$29.4B

In 2018, the top outbound Massachusetts product (by dollars) was Gasoline with $33.2B, followed by Mixed freight ($30.5B) and Electronics ($29.4B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Massachusetts products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Massachusetts.

$277B

2018 Value in Massachusetts

$573B

Projected 2045 Value in Massachusetts

107% growth

In 2018, total outbound Massachusetts trade was $277B. This is expected to increase 107% to $573B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Massachusetts trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Massachusetts to other states, or from other states to Massachusetts.

Most Common Trade Partners

In 2018, the top outbound Massachusetts domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was New York with $23.6B, followed by New Hampshire with $17.6B and Connecticut and $13B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Massachusetts shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Massachusetts went to Hillary Rodham Clinton with 59.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (32.3%), followed by Gary Johnson (4.08%). The most partisan county was Suffolk County, MA with 79.6% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey are the senators currently representing the state of Massachusetts. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Massachusetts is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Springfield, MA. Showing the available data for Massachusetts.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Hillary Rodham Clinton (59.1%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (32.3%)
Republican Party
Gary Johnson (4.08%)
Libertarian Party

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Massachusetts for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Massachusetts.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Popular Vote for Massachusetts

59.1% for the Democratic Party

Most Partisan Counties in Massachusetts

Suffolk County, MA
79.6% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Dukes County, MA
73% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Berkshire County, MA
67.5% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Massachusetts was Suffolk County, MA with 79.6% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

The following map shows the counties in Massachusetts colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Massachusetts

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

Elizabeth Warren

Senator from Massachusetts

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Ed Markey

Senator from Massachusetts

Assumed office on July 16, 2013
Elected to the seat to succeed Mo Cowan, who had been appointed to replace John Kerry, who had become Secretary of State.

Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey are the senators currently representing Massachusetts.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Massachusetts over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Massachusetts

Massachusetts is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Massachusetts have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2019, universities in Springfield, MA awarded 21,192 degrees. The student population of Springfield, MA is skewed towards women, with 28,908 male students and 43,297 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Springfield, MA are White (13,004 and 66%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (1,973 and 10%), Unknown (1,407 and 7.14%), and Black or African American (1,364 and 6.92%).

The largest universities in Springfield, MA by number of degrees awarded are University of Massachusetts-Amherst (9,527 and 45%), Westfield State University (1,739 and 8.21%), and Western New England University (1,050 and 4.95%).

The most popular majors in Springfield, MA are General Business Administration & Management (908 and 4.28%), General Psychology (810 and 3.82%), and Liberal Arts & Sciences (803 and 3.79%).

The median tuition costs in Springfield, MA are $37,480 for private four year colleges, and $8,381 and $21,081 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Psychology
791 degree-majorss awarded
General Biological Sciences
552 degree-majorss awarded
Registered Nursing
465 degree-majorss awarded

In 2018, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Springfield, MA was General Psychology with 791 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Springfield, MA according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

University of Massachusetts-Amherst
9,527 degrees awarded
Westfield State University
1,739 degrees awarded
Western New England University
1,050 degrees awarded

$8,381

Median In-State Public

$37,480

Median Private

In 2019, the Springfield, MA institution with the largest number of graduating students was University of Massachusetts-Amherst with 9,527 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

8,073

Degrees Awarded to Men

13,119

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 8,073 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Springfield, MA, which is 0.615 times less than the 13,119 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the top 5 institutions in Springfield, MA by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
13,004 degrees awarded
Hispanic or Latino
1,973 degrees awarded
Unknown
1,407 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Springfield, MA was White students. These 13,004 degrees mean that there were 6.59 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 1,973 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Springfield, MA was $241,600 in 2019, which is 1 times larger than the national average of $240,500. Between 2018 and 2019 the median property value increased from $237,600 to $241,600, a 1.68% increase. The homeownership rate in Springfield, MA is 63.1%, which is lower than the national average of 64.1%. People in Springfield, MA have an average commute time of 22.8 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Springfield, MA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$241,600

2019 Median

± $4,056

$237,600

2018 Median

± $5,222

In 2019, the median property value in Springfield, MA grew to to $241,600 from the previous year's value of $237,600.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Springfield, MA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Springfield, MA the largest share of households have a property value in the $200k - $250k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$62,346

Median Household Income

± $1,767

271k

Number of Households

± 8,568

In 2019, the median household income of the 271k households in Springfield, MA grew to $62,346 from the previous year's value of $57,857.

The following chart displays the households in Springfield, MA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

$3k+

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Springfield, MA distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Springfield, MA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

Rent vs Own

63.1%

2019 Homeownership

61.5%

2018 Homeownership

In 2019, 63.1% of the housing units in Springfield, MA were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 61.5%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 64.1%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Springfield, MA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

22.8 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Springfield, MA have a shorter commute time (22.8 minutes) than the normal US worker (26 minutes). Additionally, 2.38% of the workforce in Springfield, MA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Springfield, MA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2019

Drove Alone (80.1%)
Carpooled (7.2%)
Worked At Home (5.04%)

In 2019, 80.1% of workers in Springfield, MA drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (7.2%) and those who worked at home (5.04%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Springfield, MA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Springfield, MA have 2 cars, followed by 1 car.

Health

96.7% of the population of Springfield, MA has health coverage, with 47.5% on employee plans, 23.5% on Medicaid, 12.4% on Medicare, 12.3% on non-group plans, and 1.04% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Massachusetts was $10,559 in 2014. This is a 2.78% increase from the previous year ($10,273).

Primary care physicians in Massachusetts see 968 patients per year on average, which represents a 0% change from the previous year (968 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 930 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 153 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Plymouth County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (11.1%). Additionally, Hampden County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (30.5%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

968 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Massachusetts

Primary care physicians in Massachusetts see an average of 968 patients per year. This represents a 0% change from the previous year (968 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Massachusetts in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Massachusetts.

$10,559

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Massachusetts

$5,302

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$8,922

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$11,899

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Massachusetts (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 2.78%, from $10,273 to $10,559.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

3.3%

Uninsured

47.5%

Employer Coverage

23.5%

Medicaid

12.4%

Medicare

12.3%

Non-Group

1.04%

Military or VA

Between 2018 and 2019, the percent of uninsured citizens in Springfield, MA grew by 15.4% from 2.86% to 3.3%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Springfield, MA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.