Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

Add Comparison

2023 Population

126,231

1.32% 1-year growth

US Senator

Lindsey Graham

Republican Party

US Senator

Tim Scott

Republican Party

2023 Median Age

39.5

0.509% 1-year increase

2023 Poverty Rate

11.1%

0.815% 1-year decrease

2023 Median Household Income

$74,784

5% 1-year growth

2023 Median Property Value

$255,300

9.2% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

56,691

38.3% 1-year decline

About

In 2023, Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC had a population of 126k people with a median age of 39.5 and a median household income of $74,784. Between 2022 and 2023 the population of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC grew from 124,582 to 126,231, a 1.32% increase and its median household income grew from $71,226 to $74,784, a 5% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC are Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (44.5%), White (Non-Hispanic) (41.8%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (4.33%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.68%), and Other (Hispanic) (2.66%).

10.2% of the households in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

96.7% of the residents in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC are South University-Columbia (154 degrees awarded in 2022).

In 2023, the median property value in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was $255,300, and the homeownership rate was 66.7%.

Most people in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 27.3 minutes. The average car ownership in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was 2 cars per household.

Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC borders Chester, Fairfield & Lancaster Counties PUMA, SC, Laurens, Newberry & Union Counties PUMA, SC, Lexington (North and East) County--Irmo (West) & West Columbia Cities PUMA, SC, Richland County (Central)--Columbia City PUMA, SC, Richland County (South & Central)--Forest Acres & Dentsville Cities PUMA, SC, and Richland (Northeast and North Central) & Kershaw Counties PUMA, SC.

United States South Carolina

Population & Diversity

Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC is home to a population of 126k people, from which 96.7% are citizens. As of 2023, 7.09% of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC residents were born outside of the country (8.95k people).

In 2023, there were 1.07 times more Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) residents (56.2k people) in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC than any other race or ethnicity. There were 52.8k White (Non-Hispanic) and 5.47k Asian (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC are Spanish (5,658 households), Hindi (748 households), and Korean (704 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

63,170

Women

51.9%

58,479

Men

48.1%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 121,649 inhabitants, with 48.1% men, and 51.9% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

96.7%

2023 Citizenship

96.7%

2022 Citizenship

As of 2023, 96.7% of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2022, the percentage of US citizens in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was 96.7%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC

Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
56.2k ± 3.07k
White (Non-Hispanic)
52.8k ± 2.2k
Asian (Non-Hispanic)
5.47k ± 801

6.06%

Hispanic Population

7.65k people

6.06% of the people in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC are hispanic (7.65k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
934 ± 747 people
India
730 ± 661 people
Philippines
612 ± 606 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was Mexico, the natal country of 934 Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC residents, followed by India with 730 and Philippines with 612.

Foreign-Born Population

7.09%

2023 Foreign-Born Population

8.95k people

6.96%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

8.67k people

As of 2023, 7.09% of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC residents (8.95k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.8%. In 2022, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was 6.96%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
5,658 households (4.72%)
Hindi
748 households (0.624%)
Korean
704 households (0.588%)

10.2% of the households in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 22%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2023, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was Spanish. 4.72% of the households in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Gulf War (2001-)
3,805 ± 703
Gulf War (1990s)
2,134 ± 513
Vietnam
1,827 ± 311

Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC has a large population of military personnel who served in Gulf War (2001-), 1.78 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC employs 56.7k people. The largest industries in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC are Elementary & secondary schools (3,750 people), Restaurants & Food Services (3,309 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (2,980 people), and the highest paying industries are Scientific research & development services ($189,130), Industrial & miscellaneous chemicals ($162,178), and Offices of dentists ($150,764).

Males in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC have an average income that is 1.24 times higher than the average income of females, which is $55,815. The income inequality in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC (measured using the Gini index) is 0.455, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

47,297

Women

51.5%

44,600

Men

48.5%

The workforce of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC in 2020 was 91,897 people, with 51.5% woman, and 48.5% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

56.7k

2022 Value

−38.3%

1 Year decline

± −38.3%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC declined at a rate of −38.3%, from 91.9k employees to 56.7k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC, are Other managers (1,650 people), Customer service representatives (1,467 people), and Cashiers (1,402 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in South Carolina (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

View Full Dashboard

Industries

Employment by Industries

56.7k

2022 Value

−38.3%

1 Year decline

± −38.3%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC declined at a rate of −38.3%, from 91.9k employees to 56.7k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC, are Elementary & secondary schools (3,750 people), Restaurants & Food Services (3,309 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (2,980 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC, though some of these residents may live in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$53,646

Median earning men ± $3,491

$42,294

Median earning women ± $2,215

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2023 are Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($72,985), Professional, Scientific, & Management, & Administrative & Waste Management Services ($71,520), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($65,250).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2023 are Public Administration ($57,718), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($52,969), and Educational Services, & Health Care & Social Assistance ($48,608).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for South Carolina.

Y-Axis

2.54%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 2.26M people employed in South Carolina. This represents a 2.54% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 13.4%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in South Carolina.

Education

In 2022, universities in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC awarded 154 degrees. The student population of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC in 2022 is skewed towards women, with 80 male students and 430 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC are Black or African American (95 and 61.7%), followed by White (38 and 24.7%), Hispanic or Latino (8 and 5.19%), and Asian (7 and 4.55%).

The largest universities in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC by number of degrees awarded are South University-Columbia (154 and 100%).

The most popular majors in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC are Mental Health Counseling (19 and 12.3%), Health Care Administration & Management (16 and 10.4%), and General Business Administration & Management (16 and 10.4%).

Admissions & Enrollments

Enrollments by Gender and Races

In 2022 there were 510 students enrolled in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC, 15.7% men and 84.3% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in Black or African American with 349 records, of which 84.8% were women and 15.2% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Registered Nursing
11 degrees awarded
General Business Administration & Management
10 degrees awarded
General Public Health
15 degrees awarded

In 2022, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was Registered Nursing with 11 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

South University-Columbia

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

154 degrees awarded

In 2022, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was South University-Columbia with 154 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

In 2022, 34 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC, which is 0.283 times less than the 120 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2022 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was Black or African American students. These 95 degrees mean that there were 2.5 times more degrees awarded to Black or African American students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, White, with 38 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Private for-profit, 4-year or above ($15,300) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2022.

Private for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,260) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2022.

Private for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,500) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 0.528% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.595% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC in 2022 were High School or Equivalent (22.1k), Some college (21.8k), and Bachelors Degree (18.6k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was $255,300 in 2023, which is 0.841 times smaller than the national average of $303,400. Between 2022 and 2023 the median property value increased from $233,800 to $255,300, a 9.2% increase. The homeownership rate in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC is 66.7%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 65%.

People in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC have an average commute time of 27.3 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC is $74,784. In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was Charleston (Northeast) County--Mount Pleasant Town PUMA, SC with a value of $116,028, followed by York County (North & East)--Fort Mill Town PUMA, SC and Greenville (South & East)--Outside Greenville & Greer (South) Cities PUMA, SC, with respective values of $114,845 and $96,308.

Housing

Property

$255,300

Median Property Value 2023

±$8,914

$33,741

Median Property Taxes

±$1,681

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

66.7%

Homeownership

2023

68.1%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2023

In 2023, 66.7% of the housing units in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 66.2%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was Charleston (Northeast) County--Mount Pleasant Town PUMA, SC with a value of $116,028, followed by York County (North & East)--Fort Mill Town PUMA, SC and Greenville (South & East)--Outside Greenville & Greer (South) Cities PUMA, SC, with respective values of $114,845 and $96,308.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$74,784

Median Household Income

± $4,236

50.6k

Number of Households

± 2,274

In 2023, the median household income of the 50.6k households in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC grew to $74,784 from the previous year's value of $71,226.

The following chart displays the households in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.455

2022 Wage GINI in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC

0.446

2021 Wage GINI in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC

In 2022, the income inequality in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was 0.455 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 2.07% growth from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2023

Drove Alone (75.5%)
Worked At Home (13.1%)
Carpooled (8.41%)

In 2023, 75.5% of workers in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (13.1%) and those who carpooled to work (8.41%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

27.3 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC have a longer commute time (27.3 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.6 minutes). Additionally, 3.76% of the workforce in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

11.1% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC (13.9k out of 125k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.4%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 6 - 11 and then Females 35 - 44.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC is Black, followed by White and Hispanic.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

92.2% of the population of Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC has health coverage, with 48.4% on employee plans, 13.3% on Medicaid, 9.2% on Medicare, 17.4% on non-group plans, and 3.89% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in South Carolina see 1481 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.269% decrease from the previous year (1485 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1696 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 488 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for South Carolina.

1,481 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in South Carolina

Primary care physicians in South Carolina see an average of 1,481 patients per year. This represents a 0.269% decrease from the previous year (1,485 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in South Carolina in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2023, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 25.2% under 18 years, 19.4% between 18 and 34 years, 40.9% between 35 and 64 years, and 14.5% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 46.9% were men and 53.1% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

7.81%

Uninsured

48.4%

Employer Coverage

13.3%

Medicaid

9.2%

Medicare

17.4%

Non-Group

3.89%

Military or VA

Between 2022 and 2023, the percent of uninsured citizens in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC declined by 4.18% from 8.15% to 7.81%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Richland County (Northwest and North Central)--Irmo (East) and Blythewood Cities PUMA, SC changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.