Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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Population

139,445

1.49% 1-year growth

US Senator

Debbie Stabenow

Democratic Party

US Senator

Gary Peters

Democratic Party

Median Age

41.1

Poverty Rate

5.69%

Median Household Income

$94,006

3.77% 1-year growth

Median Property Value

$262,300

7.28% 1-year growth

Number of Employees

65,854

2.38% 1-year growth

About

In 2018, Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI had a population of 139k people with a median age of 41.1 and a median household income of $94,006. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI grew from 137,393 to 139,445, a 1.49% increase and its median household income grew from $90,589 to $94,006, a 3.77% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI are White (Non-Hispanic) (89.2%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (2.89%), White (Hispanic) (2.88%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (1.99%), and Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (1.59%). 7.63% of the people in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI speak a non-English language, and 96.9% are U.S. citizens.

The median property value in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI is $262,300, and the homeownership rate is 84.5%. Most people in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI commute by Drove Alone, and the average commute time is 28.6 minutes. The average car ownership in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI is 2 cars per household.

Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI borders Genesee (East) & Lapeer Counties PUMA, MI, Oakland County (West) PUMA, MI, Troy & Rochester Area PUMA, MI, Oakland County (Central) PUMA, MI, Macomb County (North) PUMA, MI, and Macomb County (Central) PUMA, MI.

United States Michigan

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Michigan. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Michigan, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Impact on Employment

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Michigan.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Michigan (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Michigan.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Michigan across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Michigan went to Donald J. Trump with 47.5% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (47.3%), followed by Gary Johnson (3.59%). The most partisan county was Missaukee County, MI with 73.6% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters are the senators currently representing the state of Michigan. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Michigan is currently represented by 14 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI. Showing the available data for Michigan.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (47.5%)
Republican Party
Hillary Rodham Clinton (47.3%)
Democratic Party
Gary Johnson (3.59%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Michigan went to Donald J. Trump with 47.5% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (47.3%), followed by Gary Johnson (3.59%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Michigan for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Michigan.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Michigan

47.5% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in Michigan

Missaukee County, MI
73.6% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Hillsdale County, MI
70.7% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Sanilac County, MI
69.9% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Michigan was Missaukee County, MI with 73.6% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

The following map shows the counties in Michigan colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Michigan

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Michigan.

Debbie Stabenow

Senator from Michigan

Assumed office on January 3, 2001

Gary Peters

Senator from Michigan

Assumed office on January 3, 2015

Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters are the senators currently representing Michigan.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Michigan over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Michigan

Michigan is currently represented by 14 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Michigan have changed over time starting in 2008.

Diversity

Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI is home to a population of 139k people, from which 96.9% are citizens. As of 2018, 6.62% of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI residents were born outside of the country (9.23k people).

In 2018, there were 30.9 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (124k people) in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI than any other race or ethnicity. There were 4.03k Asian (Non-Hispanic) and 4.02k White (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common foreign languages spoken in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI are Spanish (2,952 speakers), German (1,088 speakers), and Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese) (1,079 speakers).

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI

White (Non-Hispanic)
124k ± 1.16k
Asian (Non-Hispanic)
4.03k ± 529
White (Hispanic)
4.02k ± 647

4.09%

Hispanic Population

5.7k people

4.09% of the people in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI are hispanic (5.7k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI as a share of the total population.

Non-English Speakers

Most Common Languages

Spanish
2,952 speakers (2.23%)
German
1,088 speakers (0.824%)
Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese)
1,079 speakers (0.817%)

7.63% of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI citizens are speakers of a non-English language, which is lower than the national average of 21.9%. In 2018, the most common non-English language spoken in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was Spanish. 2.23% of the overall population of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI are native Spanish speakers. 0.824% speak German and 0.817% speak Spanish, the next two most common languages.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

6.62%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

9.23k people

6.07%

2016 Foreign-Born Population

8.23k people

As of 2018, 6.62% of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI residents (9.23k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2016, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was 6.07%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.6

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 2

In 2018, the median age of all people in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was 41.1. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 40, were generally younger than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 47. But people in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI are getting getting younger. In 2017, the average age of all Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI residents was 42.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Canada
1,165 ± 834 people
Mexico
1,039 ± 788 people
India
688 ± 642 people

In 2017, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was Canada, the natal country of 1,165 Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI residents, followed by Mexico with 1,039 and India with 688.

Citizenship

96.9%

2018 Citizenship

97.4%

2017 Citizenship

As of 2018, 96.9% of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was 97.4%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,453 ± 232
Gulf War (1990s)
965 ± 245
Gulf War (2001-)
878 ± 213

Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 2.54 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI is $94,006. In 2018, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was Birmingham & Bloomfield Area PUMA, MI with a value of $119,171, followed by Troy & Rochester Area PUMA, MI and Washtenaw County (West, Northeast & Southeast) PUMA, MI, with respective values of $96,957 and $95,670.

Males in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI have an average income that is 1.49 times higher than the average income of females, which is $64,805. The income inequality in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI (measured using the Gini index) is 0.499, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI employs 65.9k people. The largest industries in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI are Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (9,825 people), Elementary & secondary schools (4,448 people), and Hospitals (3,999 people), and the highest paying industries are Telecommunications, except wired telecommunications carriers ($212,948), National security & international affairs ($188,733), and Management of companies & enterprises ($178,979).

Wages

Median Household Income

$94,006

2018 value

± $1,918

3.77%

1 Year Growth

± 2.96%

Households in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI have a median annual income of $94,006, which is more than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $90,589 in 2017, which represents a 3.77% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

$96,236

Average Male Salary in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI

± $11,765

$64,805

Average Female Salary in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI

± $10,993

In 2017, full-time male employees in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI made 1.49 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI

Asian
$79,324 ± $43,713
White
$69,014 ± $7,464
Black
$60,520 ± $60,655

In 2017 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.15 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

0.499

2017 Wage GINI in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI

0.497

2016 Wage GINI in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI

In 2017, the income inequality in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was 0.499 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.282% growth from 2016 to 2017, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was higher than than the national average of 0.479. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2018, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was Birmingham & Bloomfield Area PUMA, MI with a value of $119,171, followed by Troy & Rochester Area PUMA, MI and Washtenaw County (West, Northeast & Southeast) PUMA, MI, with respective values of $96,957 and $95,670.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 45 - 54

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

5.69% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI (7.9k out of 139k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 45 - 54, followed by Females 18 - 24 and then Females 25 - 34.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
6,553 ± 570
Hispanic
843 ± 201
Black
629 ± 230

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI is White, followed by Hispanic and Black.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

65.9k

2017 Value

2.38%

1 Year growth

± 2.38%

From 2016 to 2017, employment in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI grew at a rate of 2.38%, from 64.3k employees to 65.9k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI, are Miscellaneous managers (2,883 people), Elementary & middle school teachers (2,191 people), and Mechanical engineers (2,026 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI, by number of employees, are Miscellaneous managers (2,883 people), Elementary & middle school teachers (2,191 people), and Mechanical engineers (2,026 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other PUMAs, Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI has an unusually high number of residents working as Mechanical engineers (17.5 times higher than expected), Materials engineers (11.8 times), and Architectural & engineering managers (6.98 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI, by average salary, are Chief executives & legislators ($256,510), Physicians & surgeons ($247,612), and Lawyers, & judges, magistrates, & other judicial workers ($203,122).

Industries

Employment by Industries

65.9k

2017 Value

2.38%

1 Year growth

± 2.38%

From 2016 to 2017, employment in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI grew at a rate of 2.38%, from 64.3k employees to 65.9k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI, are Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (9,825 people), Elementary & secondary schools (4,448 people), and Hospitals (3,999 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI, though some of these residents may live in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI, by number of employees, are Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (9,825 people), Elementary & secondary schools (4,448 people), and Hospitals (3,999 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other PUMAs, Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI has an unusually high number of Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (16.3 times higher than expected), Other transportation equipment manufacturing (7.93 times), and Metalworking machinery manufacturing (6.11 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI, by average salary, are Telecommunications, except wired telecommunications carriers ($212,948), National security & international affairs ($188,733), and Management of companies & enterprises ($178,979).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Michigan to other states, or from other states to Michigan.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2015, the top outbound Michigan product (by dollars) was Motorized vehicles with $135B, followed by Mixed freight ($35.4B) and Machinery ($31.3B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Michigan products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Michigan.

$448B

2015 Value in Michigan

$623B

Projected 2045 Value in Michigan

39.1% growth

In 2015, total outbound Michigan trade was $448B. This is expected to increase 39.1% to $623B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Michigan trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Michigan to other states, or from other states to Michigan.

Most Common Trade Partners

Ohio
$35.1B
Indiana
$25.1B
Illinois
$20.4B

In 2015, the top outbound Michigan domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Ohio with $35.1B, followed by Indiana with $25.1B and Illinois and $20.4B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Michigan shares with each state (excluding itself).

Housing & Living

The median property value in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was $262,300 in 2018, which is 1.14 times larger than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $244,500 to $262,300, a 7.28% increase. The homeownership rate in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI is 84.5%, which is higher than the national average of 63.9%. People in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI have an average commute time of 28.6 minutes, and they commute by Drove Alone. Car ownership in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$262,300

2018 Median

± $4,470

$244,500

2017 Median

± $4,101

In 2018, the median property value in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI grew to to $262,300 from the previous year's value of $244,500.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI the largest share of households have a property value in the N/A range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$94,006

Median Household Income

± $1,918

50.4k

Number of Households

± 1,253

In 2018, the median household income of the 50.4k households in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI grew to $94,006 from the previous year's value of $90,589.

The following chart displays the households in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

$3k+

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

Rent vs Own

84.5%

2018 Homeownership

84.6%

2017 Homeownership

In 2018, 84.5% of the housing units in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 84.6%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is higher than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

28.6 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI have a longer commute time (28.6 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.3 minutes). Additionally, 1.71% of the workforce in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Method of Travel

Drove Alone
87.2%
Carpooled
6.13%
Worked At Home
4.98%

In 2018, the most common method of travel for workers in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI was Drove Alone (87.2%), followed by those who Carpooled (6.13%) and those who Worked At Home (4.98%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI have 2 cars, followed by 3 cars.

Health

96.1% of the population of Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI has health coverage, with 66.3% on employee plans, 7.21% on Medicaid, 10.8% on Medicare, 11.1% on non-group plans, and 0.62% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Michigan was $8,055 in 2014. This is a 4% increase from the previous year ($7,745).

Primary care physicians in Michigan see 1254 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.804% increase from the previous year (1244 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1385 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 431 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Gladwin County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (14.5%). Additionally, Saginaw County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (39.8%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Michigan.

1,254 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Michigan

Primary care physicians in Michigan see an average of 1,254 patients per year. This represents a 0.804% increase from the previous year (1,244 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Michigan in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Michigan.

$8,055

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Michigan

$3,950

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$5,915

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$11,318

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Michigan (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 4%, from $7,745 to $8,055.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

3.94%

Uninsured

66.3%

Employer Coverage

7.21%

Medicaid

10.8%

Medicare

11.1%

Non-Group

0.62%

Military or VA

Between 2016 and 2018, the percent of uninsured citizens in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI declined by 29% from 5.55% to 3.94%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.