Jackson County, WV

County

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2019 Population

28,907

0.383% 1-year decline

US Senator

Joe Manchin

Democratic Party

US Senator

Shelley Moore Capito

Republican Party

2019 Median Age

43.7

0.691% 1-year increase

2019 Poverty Rate

17.7%

13.7% 1-year increase

2019 Median Household Income

$47,837

6.82% 1-year growth

2019 Median Property Value

$130,600

7.93% 1-year growth

2019 Employed Population

11,092

1.74% 1-year decline

About

In 2019, Jackson County, WV had a population of 28.9k people with a median age of 43.7 and a median household income of $47,837. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Jackson County, WV declined from 29,018 to 28,907, a −0.383% decrease and its median household income grew from $44,783 to $47,837, a 6.82% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Jackson County, WV are White (Non-Hispanic) (96.9%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (0.841%), American Indian & Alaska Native (Non-Hispanic) (0.758%), White (Hispanic) (0.681%), and Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (0.377%). 0% of the households in Jackson County, WV speak a non-English language at home as their primary language, and 99.5% of the residents in Jackson County, WV are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Jackson County, WV are Roane-Jackson Technical Center (26 degrees awarded in 2019).

In 2019, the median property value in Jackson County, WV was $130,600, and the homeownership rate was 76.7%. Most people in Jackson County, WV drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 27.7 minutes. The average car ownership in Jackson County, WV was 2 cars per household.

Jackson County, WV borders Meigs County, OH, Kanawha County, WV, Mason County, WV, Putnam County, WV, Roane County, WV, Wirt County, WV, and Wood County, WV.

United States West Virginia

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for West Virginia. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in West Virginia, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for West Virginia.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in West Virginia (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for West Virginia.

Start Year

Y-Axis

8.45%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between May 2020 and May 2021

As of May 2021, there are 145M people employed in West Virginia. This represents a 8.45% increase in employment when compared to May 2020.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in West Virginia.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for West Virginia.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of West Virginia across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Diversity

Jackson County, WV is home to a population of 28.9k people, from which 99.5% are citizens. As of 2019, 1.48% of Jackson County, WV residents were born outside of the country (429 people).

In 2019, there were 115 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (28k people) in Jackson County, WV than any other race or ethnicity. There were 243 Two+ (Non-Hispanic) and 219 American Indian & Alaska Native (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Jackson County, WV

White (Non-Hispanic)
28k ± 22
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
243 ± 166
American Indian & Alaska Native (Non-Hispanic)
219 ± 231

0.681%

Hispanic Population

197 people

0.681% of the people in Jackson County, WV are hispanic (197 people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Jackson County, WV as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

1.48%

2019 Foreign-Born Population

429 people

0.703%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

204 people

As of 2019, 1.48% of Jackson County, WV residents (429 people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 34%. In 2018, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Jackson County, WV was 0.703%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Jackson County, WV compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.6

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 12.5

In 2019, the median age of all people in Jackson County, WV was 43.7. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 44, were generally older than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 36. But people in Jackson County, WV are getting getting older. In 2018, the average age of all Jackson County, WV residents was 43.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for West Virginia.

Most Common Origin

India
2,758 ± 1,288 people
China
2,286 ± 1,173 people
Philippines
1,841 ± 1,053 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of West Virginia was India, the natal country of 2,758 West Virginia residents, followed by China with 2,286 and Philippines with 1,841.

Citizenship

99.5%

2019 Citizenship

99.6%

2018 Citizenship

As of 2019, 99.5% of Jackson County, WV residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2018, the percentage of US citizens in Jackson County, WV was 99.6%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Jackson County, WV compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
641 ± 193
Gulf War (2001-)
323 ± 185
Korea
275 ± 118

Jackson County, WV has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.98 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Jackson County, WV is $47,837. In 2019, the tract with the highest Median Household Income in Jackson County, WV was Census Tract 9637 with a value of $56,512, followed by Census Tract 9632 and Census Tract 9635, with respective values of $53,787 and $53,242.

Males in West Virginia have an average income that is 1.39 times higher than the average income of females, which is $41,998. The income inequality in West Virginia (measured using the Gini index) is 0.444, which is lower than than the national average.

The economy of Jackson County, WV employs 11.1k people. The largest industries in Jackson County, WV are Health Care & Social Assistance (1,502 people), Retail Trade (1,321 people), and Manufacturing (1,261 people), and the highest paying industries are Utilities ($64,583), Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($64,268), and Transportation & Warehousing, & Utilities ($60,113).

Wages

Median Household Income

$47,837

2019 value

± $4,500

6.82%

1 Year Growth

± 13.4%

Households in Jackson County, WV have a median annual income of $47,837, which is less than the median annual income of $65,712 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $44,783 in 2018, which represents a 6.82% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Jackson County, WV compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for West Virginia.

$58,509

Average Male Salary in West Virginia

± $2,250

$41,998

Average Female Salary in West Virginia

± $1,679

In 2019, full-time male employees in West Virginia made 1.39 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in West Virginia by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for West Virginia.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in West Virginia

Asian
$72,270 ± $26,400
White
$44,511 ± $1,331
American Indian
$43,076 ± $33,626

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of West Virginia workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.62 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in West Virginia.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in West Virginia by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Jackson County, WV is from West Virginia.

0.444

2019 Wage GINI in West Virginia

0.445

2018 Wage GINI in West Virginia

In 2019, the income inequality in West Virginia was 0.444 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.0761% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for West Virginia was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in West Virginia in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in West Virginia across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 9637
Census Tract 9632
Census Tract 9635

In 2019, the tract with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Jackson County, WV was Census Tract 9637 with a value of $56,512, followed by Census Tract 9632 and Census Tract 9635, with respective values of $53,787 and $53,242.

The following map shows all of the tracts in Jackson County, WV colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 45 - 54

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

17.7% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Jackson County, WV (5.06k out of 28.6k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.3%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 45 - 54, followed by Males 55 - 64 and then Females 18 - 24.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
5,006 ± 573
Hispanic
98 ± 161
Black
26 ± 121

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Jackson County, WV is White, followed by Hispanic and Black.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

11.1k

2019 Value

± 858

−1.74%

1 Year decline

± 11.1%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Jackson County, WV declined at a rate of −1.74%, from 11.3k employees to 11.1k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Jackson County, WV, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (1,382 people), Sales & Related Occupations (1,191 people), and Construction & Extraction Occupations (1,067 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Jackson County, WV.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Jackson County, WV, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (1,382 people), Sales & Related Occupations (1,191 people), and Construction & Extraction Occupations (1,067 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Jackson County, WV has an unusually high number of residents working as Community & Social Service Occupations (2.27 times higher than expected), Construction & Extraction Occupations (1.91 times), and Material Moving Occupations (1.46 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Jackson County, WV, by median earnings, are Legal Occupations ($81,364), Life, Physical, & Social Science Occupations ($68,098), and Management Occupations ($66,250).

Industries

Employment by Industries

11.1k

2019 Value

± 858

−1.74%

1 Year decline

± 11.1%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Jackson County, WV declined at a rate of −1.74%, from 11.3k employees to 11.1k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Jackson County, WV, are Health Care & Social Assistance (1,502 people), Retail Trade (1,321 people), and Manufacturing (1,261 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Jackson County, WV, though some of these residents may live in Jackson County, WV and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Jackson County, WV, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (1,502 people), Retail Trade (1,321 people), and Manufacturing (1,261 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Jackson County, WV has an unusually high number of Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction (5.63 times higher than expected), Utilities (3.02 times), and Public Administration (1.69 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Jackson County, WV, by median earnings, are Utilities ($64,583), Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($64,268), and Transportation & Warehousing, & Utilities ($60,113).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from West Virginia to other states, or from other states to West Virginia.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

Coal-n.e.c.
$17.4B
Coal
$10.5B
Pharmaceuticals
$6.55B

In 2018, the top outbound West Virginia product (by dollars) was Coal-n.e.c. with $17.4B, followed by Coal ($10.5B) and Pharmaceuticals ($6.55B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound West Virginia products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for West Virginia.

$75B

2018 Value in West Virginia

$110B

Projected 2045 Value in West Virginia

46.5% growth

In 2018, total outbound West Virginia trade was $75B. This is expected to increase 46.5% to $110B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound West Virginia trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from West Virginia to other states, or from other states to West Virginia.

Most Common Trade Partners

Pennsylvania
$12.1B
Virginia
$10.1B
Ohio
$7.75B

In 2018, the top outbound West Virginia domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Pennsylvania with $12.1B, followed by Virginia with $10.1B and Ohio and $7.75B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that West Virginia shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Jackson County, WV went to Donald J. Trump with 74% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (21.9%), followed by Other (4.14%). The most partisan county was Grant County, WV with 87.7% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

Joe Manchin and Shelley Moore Capito are the senators currently representing the state of West Virginia. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

West Virginia is currently represented by 3 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (74%)
Republican Party
Hillary Rodham Clinton (21.9%)
Democratic Party
Other (4.14%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in West Virginia went to Donald J. Trump with 74% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (21.9%), followed by Other (4.14%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in West Virginia for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of West Virginia.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Jackson County, WV

74% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in West Virginia

Grant County, WV
87.7% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Wyoming County, WV
83.6% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Ritchie County, WV
83.6% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in West Virginia was Grant County, WV with 87.7% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

The following map shows the counties in West Virginia colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from West Virginia

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for West Virginia.

Joe Manchin

Senator from West Virginia

Assumed office on November 15, 2010
Elected to the seat to succeed Carte Goodwin, who had been appointed to the seat following the death of Robert Byrd.

Shelley Moore Capito

Senator from West Virginia

Assumed office on January 3, 2015

Joe Manchin and Shelley Moore Capito are the senators currently representing West Virginia.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in West Virginia over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from West Virginia

West Virginia is currently represented by 3 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for West Virginia have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2019, universities in Jackson County, WV awarded 26 degrees. The student population of Jackson County, WV is skewed towards women, with 0 male students and 28 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Jackson County, WV are White (26 and 100%), followed by Asian (0 and 0%), Black or African American (0 and 0%), and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders (0 and 0%).

The largest universities in Jackson County, WV by number of degrees awarded are Roane-Jackson Technical Center (26 and 100%).

The most popular majors in Jackson County, WV are Licensed Practical & Vocational Nurse Training (16 and 61.5%), General Cosmetology (9 and 34.6%), and Medical Office Management (1 and 3.85%).

The median tuition costs in Jackson County, WV are $N/A for private four year colleges, and $N/A and $N/A respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

N/A
N/A degree-majorss awarded
Licensed Practical & Vocational Nurse Training
16 degree-majorss awarded
Medical Office Management
1 degree-majorss awarded

In 2018, the most common concentation for 1 to 2 Year Postsecondary Certificate recipients in Jackson County, WV was N/A with N/A degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a 1 to 2 Year Postsecondary Certificate from schools in Jackson County, WV according to their major.

Universities

Roane-Jackson Technical Center

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

26 degrees awarded

$N/A

Median In-State Public

$N/A

Median Private

In 2019, the Jackson County, WV institution with the largest number of graduating students was Roane-Jackson Technical Center with 26 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

Degrees Awarded to Men

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 1 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Jackson County, WV, which is 0.04 times less than the 25 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the institutions in Jackson County, WV by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
26 degrees awarded
Asian
0 degrees awarded
Black or African American
0 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Jackson County, WV was White students. These 26 degrees mean that there were Infinityk times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Asian, with 0 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Jackson County, WV was $130,600 in 2019, which is 0.543 times smaller than the national average of $240,500. Between 2018 and 2019 the median property value increased from $121,000 to $130,600, a 7.93% increase. The homeownership rate in Jackson County, WV is 76.7%, which is higher than the national average of 64.1%. People in Jackson County, WV have an average commute time of 27.7 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Jackson County, WV is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$130,600

2019 Median

± $10,104

$121,000

2018 Median

± $6,165

In 2019, the median property value in Jackson County, WV grew to to $130,600 from the previous year's value of $121,000.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Jackson County, WV compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Jackson County, WV the largest share of households have a property value in the $150k - $175k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$47,837

Median Household Income

± $4,500

11.3k

Number of Households

± 828

In 2019, the median household income of the 11.3k households in Jackson County, WV grew to $47,837 from the previous year's value of $44,783.

The following chart displays the households in Jackson County, WV distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

< $800

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Jackson County, WV distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Jackson County, WV the largest share of households pay taxes in the < $800 range.

Rent vs Own

76.7%

2019 Homeownership

78.5%

2018 Homeownership

In 2019, 76.7% of the housing units in Jackson County, WV were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 78.5%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is higher than the national average of 64.1%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Jackson County, WV compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

27.7 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Jackson County, WV have a longer commute time (27.7 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.5 minutes). Additionally, 1.91% of the workforce in Jackson County, WV have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Jackson County, WV compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2019

Drove Alone (82.6%)
Carpooled (11.2%)
Worked At Home (3.02%)

In 2019, 82.6% of workers in Jackson County, WV drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (11.2%) and those who worked at home (3.02%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Jackson County, WV distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Jackson County, WV have 2 cars, followed by 3 cars.

Health

94.4% of the population of Jackson County, WV has health coverage, with 44.1% on employee plans, 22% on Medicaid, 16.1% on Medicare, 11% on non-group plans, and 1.15% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in West Virginia was $9,462 in 2014. This is a 5.5% increase from the previous year ($8,969).

Primary care physicians in Jackson County, WV see 2871 patients per year on average, which represents a 10.8% decrease from the previous year (3220 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 2381 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 1191 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Mingo County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (22.1%). Additionally, McDowell County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (44.9%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

2,871 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Jackson County, WV

Primary care physicians in Jackson County, WV see an average of 2,871 patients per year. This represents a 10.8% decrease from the previous year (3,220 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Jackson County, WV in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for West Virginia.

$9,462

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in West Virginia

$3,917

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$6,557

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$10,268

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in West Virginia (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 5.5%, from $8,969 to $9,462.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

5.61%

Uninsured

44.1%

Employer Coverage

22%

Medicaid

16.1%

Medicare

11%

Non-Group

1.15%

Military or VA

Between 2018 and 2019, the percent of uninsured citizens in Jackson County, WV declined by 4.42% from 5.87% to 5.61%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Jackson County, WV changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.