Hartford, CT

Census Place

Add Comparison

Population

123,628

0.613% 1-year decline

US Senator

Richard Blumenthal

Democratic Party

US Senator

Chris Murphy

Democratic Party

Median Age

31.5

Poverty Rate

30.1%

Median Household Income

$34,338

1.47% 1-year growth

Median Property Value

$162,800

0.308% 1-year growth

Number of Employees

50,626

0.383% 1-year growth

About

In 2018, Hartford, CT had a population of 124k people with a median age of 31.5 and a median household income of $34,338. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Hartford, CT declined from 124,390 to 123,628, a -0.613% decrease and its median household income grew from $33,841 to $34,338, a 1.47% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Hartford, CT are Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (34.7%), Other (Hispanic) (20.4%), White (Hispanic) (18.3%), White (Non-Hispanic) (14.8%), and Two+ (Hispanic) (3.19%). 0% of the households in Hartford, CT speak a non-English language at home as their primary language, and 87.3% of the residents in Hartford, CT are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Hartford, CT are University of Hartford (1,965 degrees awarded in 2019), Trinity College (627 degrees), and Capital Community College (427 degrees).

In 2018, the median property value in Hartford, CT was $162,800, and the homeownership rate was 23.8%. Most people in Hartford, CT drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 22.2 minutes. The average car ownership in Hartford, CT was 1 car per household.

About the photo: Hartford State House

Photo by Rick Schwartz

United States Connecticut Hartford County, CT Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT Hartford Town PUMA, CT

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Connecticut. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Connecticut, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Connecticut.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Connecticut (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Connecticut.

Start Year

Y-Axis

-5.78%

Year-over-year decline

Employment change between November 2019 and November 2020

As of November 2020, there are 145M people employed in Connecticut. This represents a -5.78% decrease in employment when compared to November 2019.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Connecticut.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Connecticut.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Connecticut across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Hartford County, CT went to Hillary Rodham Clinton with 59.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (36.4%), followed by Other (4.49%). The most partisan county was Hartford County, CT with 59.1% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

Richard Blumenthal and Chris Murphy are the senators currently representing the state of Connecticut. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Connecticut is currently represented by 5 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Hartford, CT. Showing the available data for Hartford County, CT.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Hillary Rodham Clinton (59.1%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (36.4%)
Republican Party
Other (4.49%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Connecticut went to Hillary Rodham Clinton with 59.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (36.4%), followed by Other (4.49%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Connecticut for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Connecticut.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Popular Vote for Hartford County, CT

59.1% for the Democratic Party

Most Partisan Counties in Connecticut

Hartford County, CT
59.1% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Fairfield County, CT
57.9% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Litchfield County, CT
54.4% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Connecticut was Hartford County, CT with 59.1% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

The following map shows the counties in Connecticut colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Connecticut

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Connecticut.

Richard Blumenthal

Senator from Connecticut

Assumed office on January 3, 2011

Chris Murphy

Senator from Connecticut

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Richard Blumenthal and Chris Murphy are the senators currently representing Connecticut.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Connecticut over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Connecticut

Connecticut is currently represented by 5 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Connecticut have changed over time starting in 2008.

Diversity

Hartford, CT is home to a population of 124k people, from which 87.3% are citizens. As of 2018, 21.5% of Hartford, CT residents were born outside of the country (26.6k people).

In 2018, there were 1.7 times more Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) residents (42.8k people) in Hartford, CT than any other race or ethnicity. There were 25.2k Other (Hispanic) and 22.7k White (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Hartford, CT

Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
42.8k ± 1.3k
Other (Hispanic)
25.2k ± 1.71k
White (Hispanic)
22.7k ± 1.65k

44.5%

Hispanic Population

55.1k people

44.5% of the people in Hartford, CT are hispanic (55.1k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Hartford, CT as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

21.5%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

26.6k people

21.8%

2017 Foreign-Born Population

27.2k people

As of 2018, 21.5% of Hartford, CT residents (26.6k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.7%. In 2017, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Hartford, CT was 21.8%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Hartford, CT compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.7

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 1.4

In 2018, the median age of all people in Hartford, CT was 31.5. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 28, were generally younger than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 42. But people in Hartford, CT are getting getting older. In 2017, the average age of all Hartford, CT residents was 31.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Connecticut.

Most Common Origin

India
41,809 ± 4,991 people
Jamaica
35,587 ± 4,608 people
Mexico
26,408 ± 3,975 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Connecticut was India, the natal country of 41,809 Connecticut residents, followed by Jamaica with 35,587 and Mexico with 26,408.

Citizenship

87.3%

2018 Citizenship

87.1%

2017 Citizenship

As of 2018, 87.3% of Hartford, CT residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Hartford, CT was 87.1%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Hartford, CT compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
715 ± 139
Gulf War (2001-)
606 ± 157
Gulf War (1990s)
372 ± 130

Hartford, CT has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.18 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Hartford, CT is $34,338. In 2018, the place with the highest Median Household Income in Hartford, CT was Census Tract 5021 with a value of $78,371, followed by Census Tract 5247 and Census Tract 5245.02, with respective values of $68,571 and $57,179.

Males in Connecticut have an average income that is 1.42 times higher than the average income of females, which is $66,235. The income inequality in Connecticut (measured using the Gini index) is 0.502, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Hartford, CT employs 50.6k people. The largest industries in Hartford, CT are Health Care & Social Assistance (11,229 people), Retail Trade (6,231 people), and Accommodation & Food Services (4,104 people), and the highest paying industries are Management of Companies & Enterprises ($138,289), Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($66,410), and Finance & Insurance ($49,318).

Wages

Median Household Income

$34,338

2018 value

± $1,639

1.47%

1 Year Growth

± 6.59%

Households in Hartford, CT have a median annual income of $34,338, which is less than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $33,841 in 2017, which represents a 1.47% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Hartford, CT compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Connecticut.

$93,971

Average Male Salary in Connecticut

± $3,244

$66,235

Average Female Salary in Connecticut

± $2,026

In 2019, full-time male employees in Connecticut made 1.42 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Connecticut by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Connecticut.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Connecticut

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
$89,554 ± $151,020
Asian
$81,985 ± $8,643
White
$72,982 ± $2,027

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Connecticut workers was Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. These workers were paid 1.09 times more than Asian workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Connecticut.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Connecticut by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Hartford, CT is from Connecticut.

0.502

2019 Wage GINI in Connecticut

0.503

2018 Wage GINI in Connecticut

In 2019, the income inequality in Connecticut was 0.502 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.176% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Connecticut was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Connecticut in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Connecticut across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 5021
Census Tract 5247
Census Tract 5245.02

In 2018, the place with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Hartford, CT was Census Tract 5021 with a value of $78,371, followed by Census Tract 5247 and Census Tract 5245.02, with respective values of $68,571 and $57,179.

The following map shows all of the places in Hartford, CT colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

30.1% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Hartford, CT (35.2k out of 117k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 18 - 24 and then Females 45 - 54.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

Hispanic
20,264 ± 979
Black
11,850 ± 751
White
11,622 ± 734

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Hartford, CT is Hispanic, followed by Black and White.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

50.6k

2018 Value

± 1,621

0.383%

1 Year growth

± 4.54%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Hartford, CT grew at a rate of 0.383%, from 50.4k employees to 50.6k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Hartford, CT, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (5,963 people), Sales & Related Occupations (4,630 people), and Healthcare Support Occupations (4,380 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Hartford, CT.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Hartford, CT, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (5,963 people), Sales & Related Occupations (4,630 people), and Healthcare Support Occupations (4,380 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Hartford, CT has an unusually high number of residents working as Healthcare Support Occupations (2.65 times higher than expected), Building & Grounds Cleaning & Maintenance Occupations (1.94 times), and Fire Fighting & Prevention, & Other Protective Service Workers Including Supervisors (1.71 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Hartford, CT, by median earnings, are Legal Occupations ($97,734), Computer & Mathematical Occupations ($73,399), and Computer, Engineering, & Science Occupations ($70,527).

Industries

Employment by Industries

50.6k

2018 Value

± 1,621

0.383%

1 Year growth

± 4.54%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Hartford, CT grew at a rate of 0.383%, from 50.4k employees to 50.6k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Hartford, CT, are Health Care & Social Assistance (11,229 people), Retail Trade (6,231 people), and Accommodation & Food Services (4,104 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Hartford, CT, though some of these residents may live in Hartford, CT and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Hartford, CT, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (11,229 people), Retail Trade (6,231 people), and Accommodation & Food Services (4,104 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Hartford, CT has an unusually high number of Transportation & Warehousing (1.66 times higher than expected), Health Care & Social Assistance (1.6 times), and Administrative & Support & Waste Management Services (1.57 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Hartford, CT, by median earnings, are Management of Companies & Enterprises ($138,289), Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($66,410), and Finance & Insurance ($49,318).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Connecticut to other states, or from other states to Connecticut.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2018, the top outbound Connecticut product (by dollars) was Mixed freight with $36.7B, followed by Machinery ($21.5B) and Motorized vehicles ($17.4B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Connecticut products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Connecticut.

$211B

2018 Value in Connecticut

$457B

Projected 2045 Value in Connecticut

117% growth

In 2018, total outbound Connecticut trade was $211B. This is expected to increase 117% to $457B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Connecticut trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Connecticut to other states, or from other states to Connecticut.

Most Common Trade Partners

In 2018, the top outbound Connecticut domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was New York with $34.5B, followed by Massachusetts with $21B and New Jersey and $12B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Connecticut shares with each state (excluding itself).

Education

In 2019, universities in Hartford, CT awarded 3,100 degrees. The student population of Hartford, CT is skewed towards women, with 5,998 male students and 7,933 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Hartford, CT are White (1,793 and 61.8%), followed by Black or African American (393 and 13.5%), Hispanic or Latino (362 and 12.5%), and Unknown (145 and 4.99%).

The largest universities in Hartford, CT by number of degrees awarded are University of Hartford (1,965 and 63.4%), Trinity College (627 and 20.2%), and Capital Community College (427 and 13.8%).

The most popular majors in Hartford, CT are General Business Administration & Management (286 and 9.23%), Registered Nursing (150 and 4.84%), and Mechanical Engineering (102 and 3.29%).

The median tuition costs in Hartford, CT are $47,800 for private four year colleges, and $13,798 and $36,466 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Psychology
101 degree-majorss awarded
General Health Services
96 degree-majorss awarded
General Political Science & Government
95 degree-majorss awarded

In 2018, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Hartford, CT was General Psychology with 101 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Hartford, CT according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

University of Hartford
1,965 degrees awarded
Trinity College
627 degrees awarded
Capital Community College
427 degrees awarded

$13,798

Median In-State Public

$47,800

Median Private

In 2019, the Hartford, CT institution with the largest number of graduating students was University of Hartford with 1,965 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

1,348

Degrees Awarded to Men

1,752

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 1,348 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Hartford, CT, which is 0.769 times less than the 1,752 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the top 5 institutions in Hartford, CT by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
1,793 degrees awarded
Black or African American
393 degrees awarded
Hispanic or Latino
362 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Hartford, CT was White students. These 1,793 degrees mean that there were 4.56 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 393 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Hartford, CT was $162,800 in 2018, which is 0.709 times smaller than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $162,300 to $162,800, a 0.308% increase. The homeownership rate in Hartford, CT is 23.8%, which is lower than the national average of 63.9%. People in Hartford, CT have an average commute time of 22.2 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Hartford, CT is lower than the national average, with an average of 1 car per household.

Housing

Property Value

$162,800

2018 Median

± $3,291

$162,300

2017 Median

± $3,972

In 2018, the median property value in Hartford, CT grew to to $162,800 from the previous year's value of $162,300.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Hartford, CT compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Hartford, CT the largest share of households have a property value in the $150k - $175k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$34,338

Median Household Income

± $1,639

45.9k

Number of Households

± 1,452

In 2018, the median household income of the 45.9k households in Hartford, CT grew to $34,338 from the previous year's value of $33,841.

The following chart displays the households in Hartford, CT distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the < $10k range.

Property Taxes

$3k+

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Hartford, CT distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Hartford, CT the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

Rent vs Own

23.8%

2018 Homeownership

23.8%

2017 Homeownership

In 2018, 23.8% of the housing units in Hartford, CT were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 23.8%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Hartford, CT compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

22.2 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Hartford, CT have a shorter commute time (22.2 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.3 minutes). Additionally, 1.92% of the workforce in Hartford, CT have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Hartford, CT compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2018

Drove Alone (60.8%)
Public Transit (14.1%)
Carpooled (13.9%)

In 2018, 60.8% of workers in Hartford, CT drove alone to work, followed by those who used public transit to get to work (14.1%) and those who carpooled to work (13.9%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

1 car

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Hartford, CT distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Hartford, CT have 1 car, followed by 2 cars.

Health

90.2% of the population of Hartford, CT has health coverage, with 29.1% on employee plans, 41.5% on Medicaid, 6.93% on Medicare, 11.9% on non-group plans, and 0.666% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Connecticut was $9,859 in 2014. This is a 3.59% increase from the previous year ($9,517).

Primary care physicians in Hartford County, CT see 1031 patients per year on average, which represents a 4.89% decrease from the previous year (1084 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 919 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 187 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Windham County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (11%). Additionally, Windham County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (31%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the country level. Showing data for Hartford County, CT.

1,031 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Hartford County, CT

Primary care physicians in Hartford County, CT see an average of 1,031 patients per year. This represents a 4.89% decrease from the previous year (1,084 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Hartford County, CT in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Connecticut.

$9,859

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Connecticut

$5,187

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$8,058

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$11,964

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Connecticut (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 3.59%, from $9,517 to $9,859.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

9.83%

Uninsured

29.1%

Employer Coverage

41.5%

Medicaid

6.93%

Medicare

11.9%

Non-Group

0.666%

Military or VA

Between 2017 and 2018, the percent of uninsured citizens in Hartford, CT declined by 11.6% from 11.1% to 9.83%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Hartford, CT changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.