Hammond, IN

Census Place

Add Comparison

2019 Population

76,547

0.68% 1-year decline

US Senator

Todd Young

Republican Party

US Senator

Mike Braun

Republican Party

2019 Median Age

35.7

3.18% 1-year increase

2019 Poverty Rate

22.1%

9.96% 1-year decrease

2019 Median Household Income

$46,406

3.29% 1-year growth

2019 Median Property Value

$91,700

2.69% 1-year growth

2019 Employed Population

33,279

1.48% 1-year growth

About

In 2019, Hammond, IN had a population of 76.5k people with a median age of 35.7 and a median household income of $46,406. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Hammond, IN declined from 77,071 to 76,547, a −0.68% decrease and its median household income grew from $44,926 to $46,406, a 3.29% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Hammond, IN are White (Non-Hispanic) (36.8%), Other (Hispanic) (22.9%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (22%), White (Hispanic) (12.8%), and Two+ (Hispanic) (1.81%). 0% of the households in Hammond, IN speak a non-English language at home as their primary language, and 93.1% of the residents in Hammond, IN are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Hammond, IN are Purdue University Northwest (2,516 degrees awarded in 2019), Calumet College of Saint Joseph (238 degrees), and Lil Lou's Beauty and Barber College-Hammond (1 degrees).

In 2019, the median property value in Hammond, IN was $91,700, and the homeownership rate was 60.6%. Most people in Hammond, IN drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 25.9 minutes. The average car ownership in Hammond, IN was 2 cars per household.

United States Indiana Lake County, IN Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Hammond & East Chicago Cities PUMA, IN

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Indiana. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Indiana, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Indiana.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Indiana (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Indiana.

Start Year

Y-Axis

8.45%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between May 2020 and May 2021

As of May 2021, there are 145M people employed in Indiana. This represents a 8.45% increase in employment when compared to May 2020.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Indiana.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Indiana.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Indiana across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Diversity

Hammond, IN is home to a population of 76.5k people, from which 93.1% are citizens. As of 2019, 41.4% of Hammond, IN residents were born outside of the country (31.7k people).

In 2019, there were 1.6 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (28.1k people) in Hammond, IN than any other race or ethnicity. There were 17.6k Other (Hispanic) and 16.8k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Hammond, IN

White (Non-Hispanic)
28.1k ± 1.04k
Other (Hispanic)
17.6k ± 1.4k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
16.8k ± 925

38.1%

Hispanic Population

29.2k people

38.1% of the people in Hammond, IN are hispanic (29.2k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Hammond, IN as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

41.4%

2019 Foreign-Born Population

31.7k people

11.9%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

9.2k people

As of 2019, 41.4% of Hammond, IN residents (31.7k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 34%. In 2018, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Hammond, IN was 11.9%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Hammond, IN compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.9

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 1.4

In 2019, the median age of all people in Hammond, IN was 35.7. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 34, were generally younger than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 42. But people in Hammond, IN are getting getting older. In 2018, the average age of all Hammond, IN residents was 35.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Indiana.

Most Common Origin

Mexico
102,691 ± 7,807 people
India
31,681 ± 4,360 people
China
22,944 ± 3,712 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Indiana was Mexico, the natal country of 102,691 Indiana residents, followed by India with 31,681 and China with 22,944.

Citizenship

93.1%

2019 Citizenship

92.9%

2018 Citizenship

As of 2019, 93.1% of Hammond, IN residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.4%. In 2018, the percentage of US citizens in Hammond, IN was 92.9%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Hammond, IN compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
1,183 ± 185
Gulf War (1990s)
467 ± 131
Gulf War (2001-)
421 ± 118

Hammond, IN has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 2.53 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Hammond, IN is $46,406. In 2019, the place with the highest Median Household Income in Hammond, IN was Census Tract 215 with a value of $64,764, followed by Census Tract 216 and Census Tract 209, with respective values of $57,188 and $55,208.

Males in Indiana have an average income that is 1.4 times higher than the average income of females, which is $45,355. The income inequality in Indiana (measured using the Gini index) is 0.455, which is lower than than the national average.

The economy of Hammond, IN employs 33.3k people. The largest industries in Hammond, IN are Manufacturing (5,537 people), Health Care & Social Assistance (3,947 people), and Retail Trade (3,758 people), and the highest paying industries are Utilities ($68,611), Manufacturing ($45,659), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($44,032).

Wages

Median Household Income

$46,406

2019 value

± $1,831

3.29%

1 Year Growth

± 4.89%

Households in Hammond, IN have a median annual income of $46,406, which is less than the median annual income of $65,712 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $44,926 in 2018, which represents a 3.29% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Hammond, IN compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Indiana.

$63,420

Average Male Salary in Indiana

± $1,273

$45,355

Average Female Salary in Indiana

± $969

In 2019, full-time male employees in Indiana made 1.4 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Indiana by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Indiana.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Indiana

Asian
$62,156 ± $7,381
White
$48,583 ± $799
American Indian
$40,367 ± $11,530

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Indiana workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.28 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Indiana.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Indiana by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Hammond, IN is from Indiana.

0.455

2019 Wage GINI in Indiana

0.454

2018 Wage GINI in Indiana

In 2019, the income inequality in Indiana was 0.455 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.0403% growth from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for Indiana was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Indiana in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Indiana across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 215
Census Tract 216
Census Tract 209

In 2019, the place with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Hammond, IN was Census Tract 215 with a value of $64,764, followed by Census Tract 216 and Census Tract 209, with respective values of $57,188 and $55,208.

The following map shows all of the places in Hammond, IN colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 35 - 44

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

22.1% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Hammond, IN (16.7k out of 75.4k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.3%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 35 - 44, followed by Females 25 - 34 and then Females 6 - 11.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

Hispanic
6,241 ± 563
White
5,936 ± 519
Black
5,385 ± 521

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Hammond, IN is Hispanic, followed by White and Black.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

33.3k

2019 Value

± 1,195

1.48%

1 Year growth

± 4.99%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Hammond, IN grew at a rate of 1.48%, from 32.8k employees to 33.3k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Hammond, IN, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (4,473 people), Production Occupations (3,507 people), and Sales & Related Occupations (3,091 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Hammond, IN.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Hammond, IN, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (4,473 people), Production Occupations (3,507 people), and Sales & Related Occupations (3,091 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Hammond, IN has an unusually high number of residents working as Material Moving Occupations (2 times higher than expected), Production Occupations (1.86 times), and Fire Fighting & Prevention, & Other Protective Service Workers Including Supervisors (1.62 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Hammond, IN, by median earnings, are Computer & Mathematical Occupations ($74,167), Computer, Engineering, & Science Occupations ($61,830), and Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations ($53,910).

Industries

Employment by Industries

33.3k

2019 Value

± 1,195

1.48%

1 Year growth

± 4.99%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Hammond, IN grew at a rate of 1.48%, from 32.8k employees to 33.3k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Hammond, IN, are Manufacturing (5,537 people), Health Care & Social Assistance (3,947 people), and Retail Trade (3,758 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Hammond, IN, though some of these residents may live in Hammond, IN and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Hammond, IN, by number of employees, are Manufacturing (5,537 people), Health Care & Social Assistance (3,947 people), and Retail Trade (3,758 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Hammond, IN has an unusually high number of Transportation & Warehousing (1.75 times higher than expected), Manufacturing (1.66 times), and Administrative & Support & Waste Management Services (1.47 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Hammond, IN, by median earnings, are Utilities ($68,611), Manufacturing ($45,659), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($44,032).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Indiana to other states, or from other states to Indiana.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2018, the top outbound Indiana product (by dollars) was Motorized vehicles with $85.2B, followed by Mixed freight ($40.4B) and Base metals ($38.8B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Indiana products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Indiana.

$478B

2018 Value in Indiana

$865B

Projected 2045 Value in Indiana

81% growth

In 2018, total outbound Indiana trade was $478B. This is expected to increase 81% to $865B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Indiana trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Indiana to other states, or from other states to Indiana.

Most Common Trade Partners

Michigan
$41.6B
Illinois
$39B
Ohio
$35.7B

In 2018, the top outbound Indiana domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Michigan with $41.6B, followed by Illinois with $39B and Ohio and $35.7B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Indiana shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Lake County, IN went to Hillary Rodham Clinton with 58.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (37.6%), followed by Other (4.3%). The most partisan county was Daviess County, IN with 79.4% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

Todd Young and Mike Braun are the senators currently representing the state of Indiana. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Indiana is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Hammond, IN. Showing the available data for Lake County, IN.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Hillary Rodham Clinton (58.1%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (37.6%)
Republican Party
Other (4.3%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Indiana went to Hillary Rodham Clinton with 58.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (37.6%), followed by Other (4.3%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Indiana for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Indiana.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Popular Vote for Lake County, IN

58.1% for the Democratic Party

Most Partisan Counties in Indiana

Daviess County, IN
79.4% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Franklin County, IN
78.7% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Martin County, IN
76.9% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Indiana was Daviess County, IN with 79.4% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

The following map shows the counties in Indiana colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Indiana

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Indiana.

Todd Young

Senator from Indiana

Assumed office on January 3, 2017

Mike Braun

Senator from Indiana

Assumed office on January 3, 2019

Todd Young and Mike Braun are the senators currently representing Indiana.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Indiana over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Indiana

Indiana is currently represented by 9 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Indiana have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2019, universities in Hammond, IN awarded 2,755 degrees. The student population of Hammond, IN is skewed towards women, with 4,734 male students and 6,001 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Hammond, IN are White (1,665 and 65.2%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (429 and 16.8%), Black or African American (296 and 11.6%), and Asian (73 and 2.86%).

The largest universities in Hammond, IN by number of degrees awarded are Purdue University Northwest (2,516 and 91.3%), Calumet College of Saint Joseph (238 and 8.64%), and Lil Lou's Beauty and Barber College-Hammond (1 and 0.0363%).

The most popular majors in Hammond, IN are Other Registered Nursing, Nursing Administration, Nursing Research, & Clinical Nursing (657 and 23.8%), General Business Administration & Management (185 and 6.72%), and Registered Nursing (174 and 6.32%).

The median tuition costs in Hammond, IN are $19,400 for private four year colleges, and $6,803 and $13,254 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Business Administration & Management
91 degree-majorss awarded
Other Registered Nursing, Nursing Administration, Nursing Research, & Clinical Nursing
657 degree-majorss awarded
Registered Nursing
125 degree-majorss awarded

In 2018, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Hammond, IN was General Business Administration & Management with 91 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Hammond, IN according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Purdue University Northwest
2,516 degrees awarded
Calumet College of Saint Joseph
238 degrees awarded
Lil Lou's Beauty and Barber College-Hammond
1 degrees awarded

$6,803

Median In-State Public

$19,400

Median Private

In 2019, the Hammond, IN institution with the largest number of graduating students was Purdue University Northwest with 2,516 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

1,110

Degrees Awarded to Men

1,645

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 1,110 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Hammond, IN, which is 0.675 times less than the 1,645 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the institutions in Hammond, IN by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
1,665 degrees awarded
Hispanic or Latino
429 degrees awarded
Black or African American
296 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Hammond, IN was White students. These 1,665 degrees mean that there were 3.88 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 429 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Hammond, IN was $91,700 in 2019, which is 0.381 times smaller than the national average of $240,500. Between 2018 and 2019 the median property value increased from $89,300 to $91,700, a 2.69% increase. The homeownership rate in Hammond, IN is 60.6%, which is lower than the national average of 64.1%. People in Hammond, IN have an average commute time of 25.9 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Hammond, IN is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$91,700

2019 Median

± $1,732

$89,300

2018 Median

± $1,388

In 2019, the median property value in Hammond, IN grew to to $91,700 from the previous year's value of $89,300.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Hammond, IN compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Hammond, IN the largest share of households have a property value in the $100k - $125k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$46,406

Median Household Income

± $1,831

28.6k

Number of Households

± 1,086

In 2019, the median household income of the 28.6k households in Hammond, IN grew to $46,406 from the previous year's value of $44,926.

The following chart displays the households in Hammond, IN distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $60k - $75k range.

Property Taxes

$800 - $1,499

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Hammond, IN distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Hammond, IN the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.

Rent vs Own

60.6%

2019 Homeownership

60.7%

2018 Homeownership

In 2019, 60.6% of the housing units in Hammond, IN were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 60.7%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 64.1%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Hammond, IN compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

25.9 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Hammond, IN have a longer commute time (25.9 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.5 minutes). Additionally, 2.44% of the workforce in Hammond, IN have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Hammond, IN compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2019

Drove Alone (80.4%)
Carpooled (10.4%)
Public Transit (3.92%)

In 2019, 80.4% of workers in Hammond, IN drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (10.4%) and those who used public transit to get to work (3.92%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Hammond, IN distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Hammond, IN have 2 cars, followed by 1 car.

Health

88.8% of the population of Hammond, IN has health coverage, with 43.1% on employee plans, 25.3% on Medicaid, 10.2% on Medicare, 9.34% on non-group plans, and 0.865% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Indiana was $8,300 in 2014. This is a 4.76% increase from the previous year ($7,923).

Primary care physicians in Lake County, IN see 1922 patients per year on average, which represents a 3.28% increase from the previous year (1861 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1536 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 536 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Switzerland County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (21.3%). Additionally, Martin County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (45.8%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the country level. Showing data for Lake County, IN.

1,922 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Lake County, IN

Primary care physicians in Lake County, IN see an average of 1,922 patients per year. This represents a 3.28% increase from the previous year (1,861 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Lake County, IN in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Indiana.

$8,300

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Indiana

$4,078

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$8,285

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$10,714

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Indiana (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 4.76%, from $7,923 to $8,300.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

11.2%

Uninsured

43.1%

Employer Coverage

25.3%

Medicaid

10.2%

Medicare

9.34%

Non-Group

0.865%

Military or VA

Between 2018 and 2019, the percent of uninsured citizens in Hammond, IN declined by 9.65% from 12.4% to 11.2%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Hammond, IN changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.