Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2023 Population

107,859

0.632% 1-year growth

US Senator

Deb Fischer

Republican Party

US Senator

Pete Ricketts

Republican Party

2023 Median Age

40.4

0% 1-year change

2023 Poverty Rate

7.12%

4.89% 1-year decrease

2023 Median Household Income

$83,215

3.85% 1-year growth

2023 Median Property Value

$229,800

7.94% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

51,522

0.00582% 1-year growth

About

In 2023, Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE had a population of 108k people with a median age of 40.4 and a median household income of $83,215. Between 2022 and 2023 the population of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE grew from 107,182 to 107,859, a 0.632% increase and its median household income grew from $80,133 to $83,215, a 3.85% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE are White (Non-Hispanic) (87.7%), White (Hispanic) (3.28%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.93%), Two+ (Hispanic) (2.46%), and Other (Hispanic) (1.64%).

6.81% of the households in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

98.1% of the residents in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE are Midland University (351 degrees awarded in 2022).

In 2023, the median property value in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was $229,800, and the homeownership rate was 77.1%.

Most people in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 23.7 minutes. The average car ownership in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was 2 cars per household.

Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE borders Southern Iowa PUMA, IA, Southwest Iowa--Council Bluffs City PUMA, IA, Northeast Nebraska PUMA, NE, Southeast Nebraska PUMA, NE, Sarpy County--Bellevue City PUMA, NE, Lancaster County--Lincoln City (North) PUMA, NE, Lancaster County--Lincoln City (South) PUMA, NE, Douglas County--Omaha City (Northwest) PUMA, NE, Douglas County--Omaha City (Southwest) PUMA, NE, and Douglas County--Omaha City (Northeast) PUMA, NE.

United States Iowa Nebraska

Population & Diversity

Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE is home to a population of 108k people, from which 98.1% are citizens. As of 2023, 3.14% of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE residents were born outside of the country (3.38k people).

In 2023, there were 26.8 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (94.6k people) in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE than any other race or ethnicity. There were 3.53k White (Hispanic) and 3.16k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE are Spanish (5,652 households), German (252 households), and Other & Unspecified Languages (157 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

53,183

Women

49.6%

53,955

Men

50.4%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 107,138 inhabitants, with 50.4% men, and 49.6% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

98.1%

2023 Citizenship

98.4%

2022 Citizenship

As of 2023, 98.1% of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2022, the percentage of US citizens in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was 98.4%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE

White (Non-Hispanic)
94.6k ± 408
White (Hispanic)
3.53k ± 712
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
3.16k ± 387

8.06%

Hispanic Population

8.69k people

8.06% of the people in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE are hispanic (8.69k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
889 ± 729 people
Guatemala
551 ± 575 people
El Salvador
326 ± 443 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was Mexico, the natal country of 889 Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE residents, followed by Guatemala with 551 and El Salvador with 326.

Foreign-Born Population

3.14%

2023 Foreign-Born Population

3.38k people

2.99%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

3.21k people

As of 2023, 3.14% of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE residents (3.38k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.8%. In 2022, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was 2.99%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
5,652 households (5.57%)
German
252 households (0.248%)
Other & Unspecified Languages
157 households (0.155%)

6.81% of the households in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 22%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2023, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was Spanish. 5.57% of the households in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,377 ± 243
Gulf War (2001-)
1,754 ± 357
Gulf War (1990s)
1,210 ± 215

Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.36 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE employs 51.5k people. The largest industries in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE are Construction (4,305 people), Elementary & secondary schools (3,901 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (2,208 people), and the highest paying industries are Natural gas distribution ($175,692), Lumber & other construction materials merchant wholesalers ($131,755), and U. S. Air Force ($123,835).

Males in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE have an average income that is 1.34 times higher than the average income of females, which is $54,913. The income inequality in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE (measured using the Gini index) is 0.411, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

23,789

Women

47.1%

26,733

Men

52.9%

The workforce of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE in 2020 was 50,522 people, with 47.1% woman, and 52.9% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

51.5k

2022 Value

0.00582%

1 Year growth

± 0.00582%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE grew at a rate of 0.00582%, from 51.5k employees to 51.5k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE, are Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (1,928 people), Registered nurses (1,444 people), and Elementary & middle school teachers (1,397 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Nebraska (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

51.5k

2022 Value

0.00582%

1 Year growth

± 0.00582%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE grew at a rate of 0.00582%, from 51.5k employees to 51.5k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE, are Construction (4,305 people), Elementary & secondary schools (3,901 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (2,208 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE, though some of these residents may live in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$59,712

Median earning men ± $1,951

$40,064

Median earning women ± $1,281

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2023 are Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($95,911), Information ($85,395), and Public Administration ($75,208).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2023 are Wholesale Trade ($57,750), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($53,255), and Public Administration ($51,445).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Iowa.

Y-Axis

1.48%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 1.57M people employed in Iowa. This represents a 1.48% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 10.9%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Iowa.

Civics

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Nebraska went to Donald J. Trump with 59.3% of the vote. The runner-up was Kamala Harris (38.9%), followed by Other (0.849%).

Deb Fischer and Pete Ricketts are the senators currently representing the state of Nebraska. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Nebraska is currently represented by 3 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE. Showing the available data for Nebraska.

2024 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (59.3%)
Republican Party
Kamala Harris (38.9%)
Democratic Party
Other (0.849%)
Other Party

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Nebraska went to Donald J. Trump with 59.3% of the vote. The runner-up was Kamala Harris (38.9%), followed by Other (0.849%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Nebraska for each registered party from 1976 to 2024.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Nebraska

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Nebraska.

Deb Fischer

Senator from Nebraska

Assumed office on January 3, 2013

Pete Ricketts

Senator from Nebraska

Assumed office on January 12, 2023
Appointed to the seat on January 12, 2023 following the resignation of Ben Sasse.

Deb Fischer and Pete Ricketts are the senators currently representing Nebraska.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Nebraska over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Nebraska

Nebraska is currently represented by 3 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Nebraska have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2022, universities in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE awarded 351 degrees. The student population of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE in 2022 is skewed towards women, with 732 male students and 883 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE are White (249 and 71.3%), followed by Unknown (47 and 13.5%), Black or African American (18 and 5.16%), and Hispanic or Latino (18 and 5.16%).

The largest universities in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE by number of degrees awarded are Midland University (351 and 100%).

The most popular majors in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE are General Business Administration & Management (59 and 16.8%), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language Instructor (44 and 12.5%), and General Education (36 and 10.3%).

The median tuition cost in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE for private four year colleges is $37,500.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2022 in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE, the percentage of applicants admitted was 64.9%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 33.4%. The number of students enrolled in 2022 was 1,615 (45.3% men and 54.7% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2022 there were 1,615 students enrolled in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE, 45.3% men and 54.7% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 971 records, of which 57.7% were women and 42.3% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

General Education
36 degrees awarded
General Business Administration & Management
29 degrees awarded
Registered Nursing
26 degrees awarded

In 2022, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was General Education with 36 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Midland University

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

351 degrees awarded

In 2022, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Midland University with 351 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2022, 146 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE, which is 0.712 times less than the 205 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2022 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 249 degrees mean that there were 5.3 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Unknown, with 47 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($37,500) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($800) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2022.

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($1,020) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 1.12% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.244% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE in 2022 were High School or Equivalent (24k), Some college (19.6k), and Bachelors Degree (15.4k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was $229,800 in 2023, which is 0.757 times smaller than the national average of $303,400. Between 2022 and 2023 the median property value increased from $212,900 to $229,800, a 7.94% increase. The homeownership rate in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE is 77.1%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 65%.

People in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE have an average commute time of 23.7 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE is $83,215. In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was Sarpy County--Bellevue City PUMA, NE with a value of $101,402, followed by Douglas County--Omaha City (Southwest) PUMA, NE and Douglas County--Omaha City (Northwest) PUMA, NE, with respective values of $100,286 and $96,658.

Housing

Property

$229,800

Median Property Value 2023

±$4,940

$32,878

Median Property Taxes

±$1,032

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

77.1%

Homeownership

2023

62.6%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2023

In 2023, 77.1% of the housing units in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 76%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was Sarpy County--Bellevue City PUMA, NE with a value of $101,402, followed by Douglas County--Omaha City (Southwest) PUMA, NE and Douglas County--Omaha City (Northwest) PUMA, NE, with respective values of $100,286 and $96,658.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$83,215

Median Household Income

± $2,254

42.6k

Number of Households

± 1,264

In 2023, the median household income of the 42.6k households in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE grew to $83,215 from the previous year's value of $80,133.

The following chart displays the households in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.411

2022 Wage GINI in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE

0.418

2021 Wage GINI in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE

In 2022, the income inequality in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was 0.411 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 1.75% decline from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2023

Drove Alone (81.1%)
Worked At Home (8.05%)
Carpooled (7.49%)

In 2023, 81.1% of workers in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (8.05%) and those who carpooled to work (7.49%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

23.7 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE have a shorter commute time (23.7 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.6 minutes). Additionally, 1.41% of the workforce in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

7.12% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE (7.53k out of 106k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.4%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 35 - 44 and then Females 75+.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE is White, followed by Two Or More and Hispanic.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

94.8% of the population of Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE has health coverage, with 55.3% on employee plans, 9.12% on Medicaid, 13.5% on Medicare, 14.9% on non-group plans, and 1.98% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Nebraska see 1302 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.535% decrease from the previous year (1309 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1243 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 329 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Nebraska.

1,302 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Nebraska

Primary care physicians in Nebraska see an average of 1,302 patients per year. This represents a 0.535% decrease from the previous year (1,309 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Nebraska in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2023, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 26% under 18 years, 17% between 18 and 34 years, 38.9% between 35 and 64 years, and 18.2% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 50% were men and 50% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

5.19%

Uninsured

55.3%

Employer Coverage

9.12%

Medicaid

13.5%

Medicare

14.9%

Non-Group

1.98%

Military or VA

Between 2022 and 2023, the percent of uninsured citizens in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE declined by 11.9% from 5.89% to 5.19%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Dodge, Cass, Saunders & Washington Counties PUMA, NE changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.