Dayton, OH

Census Place

Add Comparison

Population

140,782

0.111% 1-year decline

US Senator

Sherrod Brown

Democratic Party

US Senator

Rob Portman

Republican Party

Median Age

33.1

Poverty Rate

32.1%

Median Household Income

$31,395

4.21% 1-year growth

Median Property Value

$66,500

Number of Employees

56,771

1.71% 1-year growth

About

In 2018, Dayton, OH had a population of 141k people with a median age of 33.1 and a median household income of $31,395. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Dayton, OH declined from 140,939 to 140,782, a -0.111% decrease and its median household income grew from $30,128 to $31,395, a 4.21% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Dayton, OH are White (Non-Hispanic) (52.7%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (38.6%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.33%), White (Hispanic) (2.65%), and Asian (Non-Hispanic) (0.93%). 0% of the households in Dayton, OH speak a non-English language at home as their primary language, and 97.3% of the residents in Dayton, OH are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Dayton, OH are Sinclair Community College (8,090 degrees awarded in 2019), University of Dayton (3,135 degrees), and Ross Medical Education Center-Dayton (57 degrees).

In 2018, the median property value in Dayton, OH was $66,500, and the homeownership rate was 47%. Most people in Dayton, OH drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 20.1 minutes. The average car ownership in Dayton, OH was 2 cars per household.

United States Ohio Greene County, OH Montgomery County, OH Dayton, OH Miamisburg & West Carrollton Cities PUMA, OH Huber Heights, Trotwood, Vandalia & Englewood Cities PUMA, OH Dayton & Riverside Cities PUMA, OH Greene County PUMA, OH

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Ohio. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Ohio, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Ohio (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

Start Year

Y-Axis

-5.78%

Year-over-year decline

Employment change between November 2019 and November 2020

As of November 2020, there are 145M people employed in Ohio. This represents a -5.78% decrease in employment when compared to November 2019.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Ohio.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Ohio across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Montgomery County, OH went to Donald J. Trump with 48% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (47.2%), followed by Other (4.79%). The most partisan county was Mercer County, OH with 80.6% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

Sherrod Brown and Rob Portman are the senators currently representing the state of Ohio. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Ohio is currently represented by 16 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Dayton, OH. Showing the available data for Montgomery County, OH.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (48%)
Republican Party
Hillary Rodham Clinton (47.2%)
Democratic Party
Other (4.79%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Ohio went to Donald J. Trump with 48% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (47.2%), followed by Other (4.79%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Ohio for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Ohio.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Montgomery County, OH

48% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in Ohio

Mercer County, OH
80.6% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Putnam County, OH
79.7% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Auglaize County, OH
79% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Ohio was Mercer County, OH with 80.6% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

The following map shows the counties in Ohio colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Ohio

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

Sherrod Brown

Senator from Ohio

Assumed office on January 3, 2007

Rob Portman

Senator from Ohio

Assumed office on January 3, 2011

Sherrod Brown and Rob Portman are the senators currently representing Ohio.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Ohio over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Ohio

Ohio is currently represented by 16 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Ohio have changed over time starting in 2008.

Diversity

Dayton, OH is home to a population of 141k people, from which 97.3% are citizens. As of 2018, 5.01% of Dayton, OH residents were born outside of the country (7.06k people).

In 2018, there were 1.36 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (74.2k people) in Dayton, OH than any other race or ethnicity. There were 54.4k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 4.68k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Dayton, OH

White (Non-Hispanic)
74.2k ± 1.5k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
54.4k ± 1.46k
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
4.68k ± 682

3.95%

Hispanic Population

5.56k people

3.95% of the people in Dayton, OH are hispanic (5.56k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Dayton, OH as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

5.01%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

7.06k people

4.82%

2017 Foreign-Born Population

6.8k people

As of 2018, 5.01% of Dayton, OH residents (7.06k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2017, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Dayton, OH was 4.82%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Dayton, OH compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.6

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 1.6

In 2018, the median age of all people in Dayton, OH was 33.1. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 33, were generally younger than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 33. But people in Dayton, OH are getting staying the same age. In 2017, the average age of all Dayton, OH residents was 33.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Ohio.

Most Common Origin

India
63,303 ± 6,160 people
Mexico
44,693 ± 5,180 people
China
34,554 ± 4,557 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Ohio was India, the natal country of 63,303 Ohio residents, followed by Mexico with 44,693 and China with 34,554.

Citizenship

97.3%

2018 Citizenship

97.4%

2017 Citizenship

As of 2018, 97.3% of Dayton, OH residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Dayton, OH was 97.4%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Dayton, OH compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,796 ± 306
Gulf War (2001-)
1,502 ± 272
Gulf War (1990s)
1,287 ± 232

Dayton, OH has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.86 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Dayton, OH is $31,395. In 2018, the place with the highest Median Household Income in Dayton, OH was Census Tract 1101 with a value of $90,489, followed by Census Tract 903.03 and Census Tract 903.04, with respective values of $89,779 and $85,063.

Males in Ohio have an average income that is 1.35 times higher than the average income of females, which is $48,688. The income inequality in Ohio (measured using the Gini index) is 0.46, which is lower than than the national average.

The economy of Dayton, OH employs 56.8k people. The largest industries in Dayton, OH are Health Care & Social Assistance (9,992 people), Manufacturing (7,319 people), and Retail Trade (5,887 people), and the highest paying industries are Management of Companies & Enterprises ($73,750), Utilities ($63,221), and Public Administration ($55,933).

Wages

Median Household Income

$31,395

2018 value

± $1,074

4.21%

1 Year Growth

± 4.49%

Households in Dayton, OH have a median annual income of $31,395, which is less than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $30,128 in 2017, which represents a 4.21% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Dayton, OH compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Ohio.

$65,641

Average Male Salary in Ohio

± $1,032

$48,688

Average Female Salary in Ohio

± $771

In 2019, full-time male employees in Ohio made 1.35 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Ohio by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Ohio.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Ohio

Asian
$64,199 ± $5,065
White
$50,885 ± $647
American Indian
$40,448 ± $14,829

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Ohio workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.26 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Ohio.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Ohio by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Dayton, OH is from Ohio.

0.46

2019 Wage GINI in Ohio

0.461

2018 Wage GINI in Ohio

In 2019, the income inequality in Ohio was 0.46 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.131% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Ohio was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Ohio in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Ohio across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 1101
Census Tract 903.03
Census Tract 903.04

In 2018, the place with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Dayton, OH was Census Tract 1101 with a value of $90,489, followed by Census Tract 903.03 and Census Tract 903.04, with respective values of $89,779 and $85,063.

The following map shows all of the places in Dayton, OH colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

32.1% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Dayton, OH (41.3k out of 129k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 18 - 24 and then Females 6 - 11.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

Black
21,811 ± 987
White
16,798 ± 948
Hispanic
2,344 ± 366

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Dayton, OH is Black, followed by White and Hispanic.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

56.8k

2018 Value

± 1,627

1.71%

1 Year growth

± 3.96%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Dayton, OH grew at a rate of 1.71%, from 55.8k employees to 56.8k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Dayton, OH, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (6,593 people), Production Occupations (5,410 people), and Food Preparation & Serving Related Occupations (4,899 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Dayton, OH.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Dayton, OH, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (6,593 people), Production Occupations (5,410 people), and Food Preparation & Serving Related Occupations (4,899 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Dayton, OH has an unusually high number of residents working as Healthcare Support Occupations (1.87 times higher than expected), Production Occupations (1.66 times), and Food Preparation & Serving Related Occupations (1.48 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Dayton, OH, by median earnings, are Law Enforcement Workers Including Supervisors ($78,004), Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations ($58,135), and Architecture & Engineering Occupations ($57,917).

Industries

Employment by Industries

56.8k

2018 Value

± 1,627

1.71%

1 Year growth

± 3.96%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Dayton, OH grew at a rate of 1.71%, from 55.8k employees to 56.8k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Dayton, OH, are Health Care & Social Assistance (9,992 people), Manufacturing (7,319 people), and Retail Trade (5,887 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Dayton, OH, though some of these residents may live in Dayton, OH and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Dayton, OH, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (9,992 people), Manufacturing (7,319 people), and Retail Trade (5,887 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Dayton, OH has an unusually high number of Accommodation & Food Services (1.36 times higher than expected), Manufacturing (1.28 times), and Health Care & Social Assistance (1.27 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Dayton, OH, by median earnings, are Management of Companies & Enterprises ($73,750), Utilities ($63,221), and Public Administration ($55,933).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Ohio to other states, or from other states to Ohio.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2018, the top outbound Ohio product (by dollars) was Motorized vehicles with $79.7B, followed by Mixed freight ($71B) and Machinery ($49.9B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Ohio products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Ohio.

$678B

2018 Value in Ohio

$1.22T

Projected 2045 Value in Ohio

80.7% growth

In 2018, total outbound Ohio trade was $678B. This is expected to increase 80.7% to $1.22T by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Ohio trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Ohio to other states, or from other states to Ohio.

Most Common Trade Partners

Michigan
$63.5B
Indiana
$35.9B
Pennsylvania
$32.6B

In 2018, the top outbound Ohio domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Michigan with $63.5B, followed by Indiana with $35.9B and Pennsylvania and $32.6B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Ohio shares with each state (excluding itself).

Education

In 2019, universities in Dayton, OH awarded 11,359 degrees. The student population of Dayton, OH is skewed towards women, with 14,204 male students and 16,320 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Dayton, OH are White (7,503 and 69.3%), followed by Black or African American (1,541 and 14.2%), Unknown (863 and 7.98%), and Hispanic or Latino (393 and 3.63%).

The largest universities in Dayton, OH by number of degrees awarded are Sinclair Community College (8,090 and 71.2%), University of Dayton (3,135 and 27.6%), and Ross Medical Education Center-Dayton (57 and 0.502%).

The most popular majors in Dayton, OH are General Business Administration & Management (1,081 and 9.52%), Customer Service Support Operation (1,014 and 8.93%), and Substance Abuse Counseling (727 and 6.4%).

The median tuition costs in Dayton, OH are $44,100 for private four year colleges, and $3,409 and $6,676 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Business Administration & Management
530 degree-majorss awarded
Customer Service Support Operation
1,014 degree-majorss awarded
Substance Abuse Counseling
715 degree-majorss awarded

In 2018, the most common concentation for < 1 Year Postsecondary Certificate recipients in Dayton, OH was General Business Administration & Management with 530 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a < 1 Year Postsecondary Certificate from schools in Dayton, OH according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Sinclair Community College
8,090 degrees awarded
University of Dayton
3,135 degrees awarded
Ross Medical Education Center-Dayton
57 degrees awarded

$3,409

Median In-State Public

$44,100

Median Private

In 2019, the Dayton, OH institution with the largest number of graduating students was Sinclair Community College with 8,090 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

5,650

Degrees Awarded to Men

5,709

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 5,650 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Dayton, OH, which is 0.99 times less than the 5,709 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the institutions in Dayton, OH by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
7,503 degrees awarded
Black or African American
1,541 degrees awarded
Unknown
863 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Dayton, OH was White students. These 7,503 degrees mean that there were 4.87 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 1,541 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Dayton, OH was $66,500 in 2018, which is 0.29 times smaller than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $66,500 to $66,500, a 0% change. The homeownership rate in Dayton, OH is 47%, which is lower than the national average of 63.9%. People in Dayton, OH have an average commute time of 20.1 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Dayton, OH is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$66,500

2018 Median

± $1,191

$66,500

2017 Median

± $1,184

In 2018, the median property value in Dayton, OH stayed at to $66,500 from the previous year's value of $66,500.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Dayton, OH compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Dayton, OH the largest share of households have a property value in the $60k - $70k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$31,395

Median Household Income

± $1,074

57.7k

Number of Households

± 1,525

In 2018, the median household income of the 57.7k households in Dayton, OH grew to $31,395 from the previous year's value of $30,128.

The following chart displays the households in Dayton, OH distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the < $10k range.

Property Taxes

$800 - $1,499

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Dayton, OH distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Dayton, OH the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.

Rent vs Own

47%

2018 Homeownership

47.9%

2017 Homeownership

In 2018, 47% of the housing units in Dayton, OH were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 47.9%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Dayton, OH compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

20.1 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Dayton, OH have a shorter commute time (20.1 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.3 minutes). Additionally, 1.59% of the workforce in Dayton, OH have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Dayton, OH compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2018

Drove Alone (72.6%)
Carpooled (8.55%)
Public Transit (7.15%)

In 2018, 72.6% of workers in Dayton, OH drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (8.55%) and those who used public transit to get to work (7.15%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Dayton, OH distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Dayton, OH have 2 cars, followed by 1 car.

Health

89.9% of the population of Dayton, OH has health coverage, with 34.1% on employee plans, 34.5% on Medicaid, 9.51% on Medicare, 9.81% on non-group plans, and 1.98% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Ohio was $8,712 in 2014. This is a 5.14% increase from the previous year ($8,286).

Primary care physicians in Montgomery County, OH see 1054 patients per year on average, which represents a 1.5% decrease from the previous year (1070 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1721 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 354 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Lawrence County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (19.1%). Additionally, Jackson County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (42.8%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the country level. Showing data for Montgomery County, OH.

1,054 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Montgomery County, OH

Primary care physicians in Montgomery County, OH see an average of 1,054 patients per year. This represents a 1.5% decrease from the previous year (1,070 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Montgomery County, OH in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Ohio.

$8,712

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Ohio

$4,371

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$7,007

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$11,038

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Ohio (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 5.14%, from $8,286 to $8,712.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

10.1%

Uninsured

34.1%

Employer Coverage

34.5%

Medicaid

9.51%

Medicare

9.81%

Non-Group

1.98%

Military or VA

Between 2017 and 2018, the percent of uninsured citizens in Dayton, OH declined by 10.7% from 11.3% to 10.1%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Dayton, OH changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.