Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2023 Population

160,921

2.07% 1-year growth

US Senator

Jon Ossoff

Democratic Party

US Senator

Raphael Warnock

Democratic Party

2023 Median Age

38.2

1.06% 1-year increase

2023 Poverty Rate

7.42%

5.3% 1-year decrease

2023 Median Household Income

$101,585

6.4% 1-year growth

2023 Median Property Value

$384,200

10.7% 1-year growth

2022 Employed Population

74,375

16.4% 1-year growth

About

In 2023, Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA had a population of 161k people with a median age of 38.2 and a median household income of $101,585. Between 2022 and 2023 the population of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA grew from 157,658 to 160,921, a 2.07% increase and its median household income grew from $95,476 to $101,585, a 6.4% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA are White (Non-Hispanic) (69.8%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (9.37%), Two+ (Hispanic) (4.81%), White (Hispanic) (4.19%), and Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.69%).

16.3% of the households in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

92.9% of the residents in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA are U.S. citizens.

In 2023, the median property value in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was $384,200, and the homeownership rate was 70.4%.

Most people in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 30.6 minutes. The average car ownership in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was 2 cars per household.

Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA borders Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Ball Ground City PUMA, GA, Atlanta Regional Commission--Cobb County (Northwest)--Kennesaw & Acworth Cities PUMA, GA, Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cobb County (Northeast) PUMA, GA, and Atlanta Regional Commission (Central)--Fulton County (Northwest)--Roswell & Milton PUMA, GA.

United States Georgia

Population & Diversity

Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA is home to a population of 161k people, from which 92.9% are citizens. As of 2023, 12% of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA residents were born outside of the country (19.4k people).

In 2023, there were 7.45 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (112k people) in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 15.1k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 7.74k Two+ (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA are Spanish (15,193 households), French (Incl. Cajun) (1,227 households), and Portuguese (1,065 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

74,076

Women

50%

74,044

Men

50%

The resident population of United States in 2022 was 148,120 inhabitants, with 50% men, and 50% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

92.9%

2023 Citizenship

93.4%

2022 Citizenship

As of 2023, 92.9% of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.4%. In 2022, the percentage of US citizens in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was 93.4%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA

White (Non-Hispanic)
112k ± 2.86k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
15.1k ± 1.04k
Two+ (Hispanic)
7.74k ± 1.69k

14%

Hispanic Population

22.6k people

14% of the people in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA are hispanic (22.6k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
4,196 ± 1,568 people
Guatemala
2,685 ± 1,261 people
Brazil
820 ± 701 people

In 2022, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was Mexico, the natal country of 4,196 Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA residents, followed by Guatemala with 2,685 and Brazil with 820.

Foreign-Born Population

12%

2023 Foreign-Born Population

19.4k people

11.4%

2022 Foreign-Born Population

18k people

As of 2023, 12% of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA residents (19.4k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.8%. In 2022, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was 11.4%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
15,193 households (10.1%)
French (Incl. Cajun)
1,227 households (0.813%)
Portuguese
1,065 households (0.706%)

16.3% of the households in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 22%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2023, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was Spanish. 10.1% of the households in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Gulf War (2001-)
2,595 ± 501
Vietnam
2,382 ± 378
Gulf War (1990s)
2,070 ± 483

Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA has a large population of military personnel who served in Gulf War (2001-), 1.09 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA employs 74.4k people. The largest industries in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA are Construction (7,826 people), Elementary & secondary schools (4,986 people), and Restaurants & Food Services (4,921 people), and the highest paying industries are Industrial & miscellaneous chemicals ($142,709), Drugs, sundries, & chemical & allied products merchant wholesalers ($134,885), and Air transportation ($132,758).

Males in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA have an average income that is 1.36 times higher than the average income of females, which is $64,192. The income inequality in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA (measured using the Gini index) is 0.463, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

29,342

Women

48.3%

31,418

Men

51.7%

The workforce of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA in 2020 was 60,760 people, with 48.3% woman, and 51.7% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

74.4k

2022 Value

16.4%

1 Year growth

± 16.4%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA grew at a rate of 16.4%, from 63.9k employees to 74.4k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA, are Other managers (2,724 people), Customer service representatives (2,168 people), and Elementary & middle school teachers (1,799 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Georgia (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

74.4k

2022 Value

16.4%

1 Year growth

± 16.4%

From 2021 to 2022, employment in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA grew at a rate of 16.4%, from 63.9k employees to 74.4k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA, are Construction (7,826 people), Elementary & secondary schools (4,986 people), and Restaurants & Food Services (4,921 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA, though some of these residents may live in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$60,858

Median earning men ± $2,318

$43,219

Median earning women ± $1,995

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2023 are Professional, Scientific, & Management, & Administrative & Waste Management Services ($90,643), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($81,427), and Information ($80,209).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2023 are Construction ($72,391), Transportation & Warehousing, & Utilities ($69,397), and Public Administration ($64,930).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Georgia.

Y-Axis

2.94%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 4.87M people employed in Georgia. This represents a 2.94% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 11.9%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Georgia.

Civics

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Georgia went to Donald J. Trump with 50.7% of the vote. The runner-up was Kamala Harris (48.5%), followed by Chase Oliver (0.394%).

Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock are the senators currently representing the state of Georgia. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Georgia is currently represented by 14 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA. Showing the available data for Georgia.

2024 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (50.7%)
Republican Party
Kamala Harris (48.5%)
Democratic Party
Chase Oliver (0.394%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in Georgia went to Donald J. Trump with 50.7% of the vote. The runner-up was Kamala Harris (48.5%), followed by Chase Oliver (0.394%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Georgia for each registered party from 1976 to 2024.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Georgia

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Georgia.

Jon Ossoff

Senator from Georgia

Assumed office on January 20, 2021
Inauguration delayed as incumbent senator David Perdue's term expired on January 3, 2021, two days prior to the runoff election.

Raphael Warnock

Senator from Georgia

Assumed office on January 20, 2021
Elected to the seat to succeed Kelly Loeffler, who had been appointed to the seat following the resignation of Johnny Isakson.

Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock are the senators currently representing Georgia.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Georgia over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Georgia

Georgia is currently represented by 14 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Georgia have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

Completions

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2022, 1.03% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.805% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA in 2022 were Bachelors Degree (29.3k), High School or Equivalent (27.3k), and Some college (25.5k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was $384,200 in 2023, which is 1.27 times larger than the national average of $303,400. Between 2022 and 2023 the median property value increased from $347,000 to $384,200, a 10.7% increase. The homeownership rate in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA is 70.4%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 65%.

People in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA have an average commute time of 30.6 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA is $101,585. In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was Atlanta Regional Commission--Fulton County (Northeast)--Johns Creek & Alpharetta PUMA, GA with a value of $152,361, followed by Atlanta Regional Commision (Northeast)--Forsyth County (South)--Cumming City PUMA, GA and Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cobb County (Northeast) PUMA, GA, with respective values of $142,287 and $141,956.

Housing

Property

$384,200

Median Property Value 2023

±$7,213

$41,658

Median Property Taxes

±$1,769

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

70.4%

Homeownership

2023

68.4%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2023

In 2023, 70.4% of the housing units in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 70.7%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2023, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was Atlanta Regional Commission--Fulton County (Northeast)--Johns Creek & Alpharetta PUMA, GA with a value of $152,361, followed by Atlanta Regional Commision (Northeast)--Forsyth County (South)--Cumming City PUMA, GA and Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cobb County (Northeast) PUMA, GA, with respective values of $142,287 and $141,956.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$101,585

Median Household Income

± $2,959

59.2k

Number of Households

± 2,437

In 2023, the median household income of the 59.2k households in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA grew to $101,585 from the previous year's value of $95,476.

The following chart displays the households in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $100k - $125k range.

Wage Distribution

0.463

2022 Wage GINI in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA

0.455

2021 Wage GINI in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA

In 2022, the income inequality in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was 0.463 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 1.61% growth from 2021 to 2022, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2023

Drove Alone (68.4%)
Worked At Home (20%)
Carpooled (9.63%)

In 2023, 68.4% of workers in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (20%) and those who carpooled to work (9.63%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

30.6 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA have a longer commute time (30.6 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.6 minutes). Additionally, 1.9% of the workforce in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

7.42% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA (11.8k out of 159k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.4%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 18 - 24, followed by Females 35 - 44 and then Females 25 - 34.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA is White, followed by Hispanic and Other.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

88.8% of the population of Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA has health coverage, with 54.5% on employee plans, 8.79% on Medicaid, 11.2% on Medicare, 13% on non-group plans, and 1.42% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Georgia see 1491 patients per year on average, which represents a 0.067% decrease from the previous year (1492 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1882 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 596 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Georgia.

1,491 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Georgia

Primary care physicians in Georgia see an average of 1,491 patients per year. This represents a 0.067% decrease from the previous year (1,492 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Georgia in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2023, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 25.5% under 18 years, 20.3% between 18 and 34 years, 39.8% between 35 and 64 years, and 14.4% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 48.2% were men and 51.8% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

11.2%

Uninsured

54.5%

Employer Coverage

8.79%

Medicaid

11.2%

Medicare

13%

Non-Group

1.42%

Military or VA

Between 2022 and 2023, the percent of uninsured citizens in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA declined by 3.13% from 11.6% to 11.2%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Atlanta Regional Commission (Northwest)--Cherokee County--Woodstock & Canton Cities PUMA, GA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.