The enrolled student population at Truman State University is 79.9% White, 3.96% Hispanic or Latino, 3.11% Two or More Races, 2.32% Black or African American, 1.42% Asian, 0.273% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and 0.164% American Indian or Alaska Native. This includes both full-time and part-time students as well as graduate and undergraduates. By comparison, enrollment for all Masters Colleges and Universities is 47.4% White, 18.8% Hispanic or Latino, and 13.6% Black or African American.

Any student who is studying in the United States on a temporary basis is categorized as a "Non-Resident Alien", and the share of those students are shown in the chart below. Additionally, 57 students (1.56%) did not report their race.