Kansas City, MO

Census Place

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2019 Population

495,278

0.705% 1-year growth

US Senator

Roy Blunt

Republican Party

US Senator

Josh Hawley

Republican Party

2019 Median Age

35.3

0.284% 1-year increase

2019 Poverty Rate

16.1%

2.51% 1-year decrease

2019 Median Household Income

$55,259

1.63% 1-year growth

2019 Median Property Value

$168,400

1.2% 1-year growth

2019 Employed Population

261,825

2.4% 1-year growth

About

In 2019, Kansas City, MO had a population of 495k people with a median age of 35.3 and a median household income of $55,259. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Kansas City, MO grew from 491,809 to 495,278, a 0.705% increase and its median household income grew from $54,372 to $55,259, a 1.63% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Kansas City, MO are White (Non-Hispanic) (56.4%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (25.9%), White (Hispanic) (6.43%), Other (Hispanic) (3.63%), and Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.45%). 0% of the households in Kansas City, MO speak a non-English language at home as their primary language.

95.8% of the residents in Kansas City, MO are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Kansas City, MO are University of Missouri-Kansas City (3,558 degrees awarded in 2020), Metropolitan Community College-Kansas City (3,506 degrees), and Rockhurst University (1,112 degrees).

In 2019, the median property value in Kansas City, MO was $168,400, and the homeownership rate was 52.8%. Most people in Kansas City, MO drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 21 minutes. The average car ownership in Kansas City, MO was 2 cars per household.

About the photo: East Bottoms, Kansas City, Missouri

Photo by Vincent Parsons

United States Missouri Jackson County, MO Kansas City, MO-KS

Diversity

Kansas City, MO is home to a population of 495k people, from which 95.8% are citizens. As of 2019, 8.04% of Kansas City, MO residents were born outside of the country (39.8k people).

In 2019, there were 2.17 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (279k people) in Kansas City, MO than any other race or ethnicity. There were 128k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 31.8k White (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Kansas City, MO

White (Non-Hispanic)
279k ± 7.31k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
128k ± 6.36k
White (Hispanic)
31.8k ± 4.77k

11.2%

Hispanic Population

55.5k people

11.2% of the people in Kansas City, MO are hispanic (55.5k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Kansas City, MO as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

8.04%

2019 Foreign-Born Population

39.8k people

7.58%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

37.3k people

As of 2019, 8.04% of Kansas City, MO residents (39.8k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2018, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Kansas City, MO was 7.58%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Kansas City, MO compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.9

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 1.8

In 2019, the median age of all people in Kansas City, MO was 35.3. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 35, were generally younger than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 39. But people in Kansas City, MO are getting getting older. In 2018, the average age of all Kansas City, MO residents was 35.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Missouri.

Most Common Origin

Mexico
39,782 ± 4,881 people
China
24,883 ± 3,865 people
India
19,345 ± 3,409 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Missouri was Mexico, the natal country of 39,782 Missouri residents, followed by China with 24,883 and India with 19,345.

Citizenship

95.8%

2019 Citizenship

94.9%

2018 Citizenship

As of 2019, 95.8% of Kansas City, MO residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2018, the percentage of US citizens in Kansas City, MO was 94.9%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Kansas City, MO compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
8,485 ± 1,210
Gulf War (2001-)
6,066 ± 1,343
Gulf War (1990s)
2,981 ± 840

Kansas City, MO has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.4 times greater than any other conflict.

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Missouri. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Missouri, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Missouri.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Missouri (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Missouri.

Y-Axis

8.45%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between May 2020 and May 2021

As of May 2021, there are 145M people employed in Missouri. This represents a 8.45% increase in employment when compared to May 2020.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Missouri.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Missouri.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Missouri across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Economy

Median household income in Kansas City, MO is $55,259. In 2019, the place with the highest median household income in Kansas City, MO was Census Tract 84 with a value of $179,333, followed by Census Tract 213.09 and Census Tract 85, with respective values of $166,198 and $150,542.

Males in Missouri have an average income that is 1.32 times higher than the average income of females, which is $48,260. The income inequality in Missouri (measured using the Gini index) is 0.454, which is lower than than the national average.

The economy of Kansas City, MO employs 262k people. The largest industries in Kansas City, MO are Health Care & Social Assistance (38,717 people), Retail Trade (25,913 people), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services (24,406 people), and the highest paying industries are Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($80,666), Utilities ($62,678), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($60,007).

Wages

Median Household Income

$55,259

2019 value

± $2,228

1.63%

1 Year Growth

± 5.71%

Households in Kansas City, MO have a median annual income of $55,259, which is less than the median annual income of $65,712 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $54,372 in 2018, which represents a 1.63% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Kansas City, MO compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Sex in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Missouri.

$63,808

Average Male Salary in Missouri

± $1,390

$48,260

Average Female Salary in Missouri

± $1,018

In 2019, full-time male employees in Missouri made 1.32 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the sex-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Missouri by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for Missouri.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Missouri

Asian
$65,518 ± $7,177
White
$50,435 ± $881
American Indian and Alaska Native tribes specified; or American Indian or Alaska Native, not specified and no other races
$48,954 ± $32,010

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Missouri workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.3 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Missouri.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Missouri by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Kansas City, MO is from Missouri.

0.454

2019 Wage GINI in Missouri

0.461

2018 Wage GINI in Missouri

In 2019, the income inequality in Missouri was 0.454 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 1.57% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Missouri was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Missouri in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Missouri across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 84
Census Tract 213.09
Census Tract 85

In 2019, the place with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Kansas City, MO was Census Tract 84 with a value of $179,333, followed by Census Tract 213.09 and Census Tract 85, with respective values of $166,198 and $150,542.

The following map shows all of the places in Kansas City, MO colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Sex

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

16.1% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Kansas City, MO (76.9k out of 478k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.3%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 18 - 24 and then Males 6 - 11.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

Black
34,639 ± 1,459
White
30,822 ± 1,396
Hispanic
11,742 ± 803

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Kansas City, MO is Black, followed by White and Hispanic.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

262k

2019 Value

± 8,682

2.4%

1 Year growth

± 4.57%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Kansas City, MO grew at a rate of 2.4%, from 256k employees to 262k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Kansas City, MO, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (29,943 people), Management Occupations (26,197 people), and Sales & Related Occupations (24,895 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Kansas City, MO.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Kansas City, MO, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (29,943 people), Management Occupations (26,197 people), and Sales & Related Occupations (24,895 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Kansas City, MO has an unusually high number of residents working as Life, Physical, & Social Science Occupations (1.35 times higher than expected), Material Moving Occupations (1.34 times), and Health Technologists & Technicians (1.32 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Kansas City, MO, by median earnings, are Architecture & Engineering Occupations ($75,750), Legal Occupations ($74,477), and Law Enforcement Workers Including Supervisors ($71,121).

Industries

Employment by Industries

262k

2019 Value

± 8,682

2.4%

1 Year growth

± 4.57%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Kansas City, MO grew at a rate of 2.4%, from 256k employees to 262k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Kansas City, MO, are Health Care & Social Assistance (38,717 people), Retail Trade (25,913 people), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services (24,406 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Kansas City, MO, though some of these residents may live in Kansas City, MO and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Kansas City, MO, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (38,717 people), Retail Trade (25,913 people), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services (24,406 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Kansas City, MO has an unusually high number of Finance & Insurance (1.5 times higher than expected), Transportation & Warehousing (1.27 times), and Wholesale Trade (1.22 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Kansas City, MO, by median earnings, are Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($80,666), Utilities ($62,678), and Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($60,007).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Missouri to other states, or from other states to Missouri.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2020, the top outbound Missouri product (by dollars) was Motorized vehicles with $30.9B, followed by Mixed freight ($30.9B) and Pharmaceuticals ($29.3B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Missouri products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Missouri.

$312B

2020 Value in Missouri

$614B

Projected 2050 Value in Missouri

97.1% growth

In 2020, total outbound Missouri trade was $312B. This is expected to increase 97.1% to $614B by 2050.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Missouri trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Missouri to other states, or from other states to Missouri.

Most Common Trade Partners

Illinois
$26.1B
Texas
$15.4B
Kansas
$15.2B

In 2020, the top outbound Missouri domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Illinois with $26.1B, followed by Texas with $15.4B and Kansas and $15.2B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Missouri shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Missouri went to Donald J. Trump with 56.8% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (41.4%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.36%). The most partisan county was Mercer County, MO with 86.6% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

Roy Blunt and Josh Hawley are the senators currently representing the state of Missouri. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Missouri is currently represented by 8 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Kansas City, MO. Showing the available data for Missouri.

2020 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (56.8%)
Republican Party
Joseph R Biden Jr. (41.4%)
Democratic Party
Jo Jorgensen (1.36%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Missouri went to Donald J. Trump with 56.8% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (41.4%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.36%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Missouri for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Missouri.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Missouri

56.8% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in Missouri

Mercer County, MO
86.6% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Bollinger County, MO
86.4% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Stoddard County, MO
85.5% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2020 presidential election, the most partisan county in Missouri was Mercer County, MO with 86.6% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

The following map shows the counties in Missouri colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Missouri

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Missouri.

Roy Blunt

Senator from Missouri

Assumed office on January 3, 2011

Josh Hawley

Senator from Missouri

Assumed office on January 3, 2019

Roy Blunt and Josh Hawley are the senators currently representing Missouri.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Missouri over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Missouri

Missouri is currently represented by 8 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Missouri have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2020, universities in Kansas City, MO awarded 10,642 degrees. The student population of Kansas City, MO is skewed towards women, with 18,327 male students and 23,863 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Kansas City, MO are White (6,631 and 65.3%), followed by Black or African American (1,064 and 10.5%), Hispanic or Latino (841 and 8.28%), and Asian (600 and 5.9%).

The largest universities in Kansas City, MO by number of degrees awarded are University of Missouri-Kansas City (3,558 and 33.4%), Metropolitan Community College-Kansas City (3,506 and 32.9%), and Rockhurst University (1,112 and 10.4%).

The most popular majors in Kansas City, MO are Liberal Arts & Sciences (2,475 and 23.3%), Registered Nursing (769 and 7.23%), and General Business (416 and 3.91%).

The median tuition costs in Kansas City, MO are $15,696 for private four year colleges, and $9,198 and $25,299 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Business
297 degree-majorss awarded
General Biological Sciences
207 degree-majorss awarded
Registered Nursing
521 degree-majorss awarded

In 2020, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Kansas City, MO was General Business with 297 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Kansas City, MO according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

University of Missouri-Kansas City
3,558 degrees awarded
Metropolitan Community College-Kansas City
3,506 degrees awarded
Rockhurst University
1,112 degrees awarded

$9,198

Median In-State Public

$15,696

Median Private

In 2020, the Kansas City, MO institution with the largest number of graduating students was University of Missouri-Kansas City with 3,558 degrees awarded.

Student Sex for Common Institutions

4,444

Degrees Awarded to Men

6,198

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2020, 4,444 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Kansas City, MO, which is 0.717 times less than the 6,198 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the sex disparity between the top 5 institutions in Kansas City, MO by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
6,631 degrees awarded
Black or African American
1,064 degrees awarded
Hispanic or Latino
841 degrees awarded

In 2020 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Kansas City, MO was White students. These 6,631 degrees mean that there were 6.23 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 1,064 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Kansas City, MO was $168,400 in 2019, which is 0.7 times smaller than the national average of $240,500. Between 2018 and 2019 the median property value increased from $166,400 to $168,400, a 1.2% increase. The homeownership rate in Kansas City, MO is 52.8%, which is lower than the national average of 64.1%. People in Kansas City, MO have an average commute time of 21 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Kansas City, MO is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$168,400

2019 Median

± $4,248

$166,400

2018 Median

± $5,037

In 2019, the median property value in Kansas City, MO grew to to $168,400 from the previous year's value of $166,400.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Kansas City, MO compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Kansas City, MO the largest share of households have a property value in the $200k - $250k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$55,259

Median Household Income

± $2,228

210k

Number of Households

± 7,353

In 2019, the median household income of the 210k households in Kansas City, MO grew to $55,259 from the previous year's value of $54,372.

The following chart displays the households in Kansas City, MO distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

$3k+

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Kansas City, MO distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Kansas City, MO the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

Rent vs Own

52.8%

2019 Homeownership

53.3%

2018 Homeownership

In 2019, 52.8% of the housing units in Kansas City, MO were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 53.3%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 64.1%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Kansas City, MO compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

21 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Kansas City, MO have a shorter commute time (21 minutes) than the normal US worker (26 minutes). Additionally, 1.58% of the workforce in Kansas City, MO have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Kansas City, MO compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2019

Drove Alone (81.6%)
Carpooled (7.19%)
Worked At Home (5.51%)

In 2019, 81.6% of workers in Kansas City, MO drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (7.19%) and those who worked at home (5.51%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Kansas City, MO distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Kansas City, MO have 2 cars, followed by false.

Health

88% of the population of Kansas City, MO has health coverage, with 50.4% on employee plans, 13% on Medicaid, 10.6% on Medicare, 12.7% on non-group plans, and 1.37% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Missouri was $8,107 in 2014. This is a 3.14% increase from the previous year ($7,860).

Primary care physicians in Jackson County, MO see 1207 patients per year on average, which represents a 7.44% decrease from the previous year (1304 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1109 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 407 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Carroll County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (22.3%). Additionally, Dunklin County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (41.7%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the country level. Showing data for Jackson County, MO.

1,207 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Jackson County, MO

Primary care physicians in Jackson County, MO see an average of 1,207 patients per year. This represents a 7.44% decrease from the previous year (1,304 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Jackson County, MO in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Missouri.

$8,107

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Missouri

$4,354

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$9,413

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$10,457

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Missouri (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 3.14%, from $7,860 to $8,107.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

12%

Uninsured

50.4%

Employer Coverage

13%

Medicaid

10.6%

Medicare

12.7%

Non-Group

1.37%

Military or VA

Between 2018 and 2019, the percent of uninsured citizens in Kansas City, MO declined by 0.83% from 12.1% to 12%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Kansas City, MO changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.