Jackson County, AR

County

Add Comparison

Population

17,225

1.17% 1-year decline

US Senator

John Boozman

Republican Party

US Senator

Tom Cotton

Republican Party

Median Age

39.9

Poverty Rate

23.3%

Median Household Income

$33,174

1.19% 1-year growth

Median Property Value

$66,900

9.14% 1-year growth

Number of Employees

5,563

2.4% 1-year decline

About

In 2018, Jackson County, AR had a population of 17.2k people with a median age of 39.9 and a median household income of $33,174. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Jackson County, AR declined from 17,429 to 17,225, a -1.17% decrease and its median household income grew from $32,783 to $33,174, a 1.19% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Jackson County, AR are White (Non-Hispanic) (77%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (12.4%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (7.58%), White (Hispanic) (1.5%), and Two+ (Hispanic) (0.761%). 0% of the households in Jackson County, AR speak a non-English language at home as their primary language, and 99.8% of the residents in Jackson County, AR are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Jackson County, AR are Arkansas State University-Newport (1,081 degrees awarded in 2019).

In 2018, the median property value in Jackson County, AR was $66,900, and the homeownership rate was 69.4%. Most people in Jackson County, AR drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 18.1 minutes. The average car ownership in Jackson County, AR was 2 cars per household.

Jackson County, AR borders Craighead County, AR, Cross County, AR, Independence County, AR, Lawrence County, AR, Poinsett County, AR, White County, AR, and Woodruff County, AR.

United States Arkansas

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for Arkansas. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in Arkansas, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

View Full Dashboard

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Arkansas.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Arkansas (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

View Full Dashboard

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Arkansas.

Start Year

Y-Axis

-5.78%

Year-over-year decline

Employment change between November 2019 and November 2020

As of November 2020, there are 145M people employed in Arkansas. This represents a -5.78% decrease in employment when compared to November 2019.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Arkansas.

View Full Dashboard

Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Arkansas.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of Arkansas across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

View Full Dashboard

Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Jackson County, AR went to Donald J. Trump with 63.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (30.7%), followed by Other (5.93%). The most partisan county was Polk County, AR with 80.4% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

John Boozman and Tom Cotton are the senators currently representing the state of Arkansas. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Arkansas is currently represented by 4 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (63.4%)
Republican Party
Hillary Rodham Clinton (30.7%)
Democratic Party
Other (5.93%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Arkansas went to Donald J. Trump with 63.4% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (30.7%), followed by Other (5.93%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Arkansas for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of Arkansas.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Jackson County, AR

63.4% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in Arkansas

Polk County, AR
80.4% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Searcy County, AR
79.3% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)
Pike County, AR
79.1% for Donald J. Trump (Republican Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in Arkansas was Polk County, AR with 80.4% of the vote going to Donald J. Trump running for the Republican Party.

The following map shows the counties in Arkansas colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from Arkansas

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Arkansas.

John Boozman

Senator from Arkansas

Assumed office on January 3, 2011

Tom Cotton

Senator from Arkansas

Assumed office on January 3, 2015

John Boozman and Tom Cotton are the senators currently representing Arkansas.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Arkansas over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from Arkansas

Arkansas is currently represented by 4 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Arkansas have changed over time starting in 2008.

Diversity

Jackson County, AR is home to a population of 17.2k people, from which 99.8% are citizens. As of 2018, 0.534% of Jackson County, AR residents were born outside of the country (92 people).

In 2018, there were 6.22 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (13.3k people) in Jackson County, AR than any other race or ethnicity. There were 2.13k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 1.31k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Jackson County, AR

White (Non-Hispanic)
13.3k ± 21
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
2.13k ± 221
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
1.31k ± 217

2.82%

Hispanic Population

485 people

2.82% of the people in Jackson County, AR are hispanic (485 people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Jackson County, AR as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

0.534%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

92 people

0.43%

2017 Foreign-Born Population

75 people

As of 2018, 0.534% of Jackson County, AR residents (92 people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2017, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Jackson County, AR was 0.43%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Jackson County, AR compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.6

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 44.5

In 2018, the median age of all people in Jackson County, AR was 39.9. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 40, were generally younger than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 65. But people in Jackson County, AR are getting getting younger. In 2017, the average age of all Jackson County, AR residents was 41.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Arkansas.

Most Common Origin

Mexico
60,028 ± 5,955 people
El Salvador
14,906 ± 2,990 people
India
8,724 ± 2,290 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Arkansas was Mexico, the natal country of 60,028 Arkansas residents, followed by El Salvador with 14,906 and India with 8,724.

Citizenship

99.8%

2018 Citizenship

99.8%

2017 Citizenship

As of 2018, 99.8% of Jackson County, AR residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Jackson County, AR was 99.8%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Jackson County, AR compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
383 ± 87
Gulf War (1990s)
247 ± 96
Gulf War (2001-)
122 ± 49

Jackson County, AR has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.55 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Jackson County, AR is $33,174. In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income in Jackson County, AR was Census Tract 4805 with a value of $38,816, followed by Census Tract 4801 and Census Tract 4802, with respective values of $36,654 and $35,528.

Males in Arkansas have an average income that is 1.35 times higher than the average income of females, which is $41,995. The income inequality in Arkansas (measured using the Gini index) is 0.451, which is lower than than the national average.

The economy of Jackson County, AR employs 5.56k people. The largest industries in Jackson County, AR are Manufacturing (905 people), Retail Trade (776 people), and Health Care & Social Assistance (584 people), and the highest paying industries are Transportation & Warehousing ($45,283), Transportation & Warehousing, & Utilities ($42,614), and Manufacturing ($41,660).

Wages

Median Household Income

$33,174

2018 value

± $2,693

1.19%

1 Year Growth

± 12%

Households in Jackson County, AR have a median annual income of $33,174, which is less than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $32,783 in 2017, which represents a 1.19% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Jackson County, AR compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Arkansas.

$56,854

Average Male Salary in Arkansas

± $1,935

$41,995

Average Female Salary in Arkansas

± $1,371

In 2019, full-time male employees in Arkansas made 1.35 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Arkansas by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for Arkansas.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in Arkansas

Asian
$56,874 ± $11,128
White
$46,626 ± $1,304
American Indian and Alaska Native tribes specified; or American Indian or Alaska Native, not specified and no other races
$42,148 ± $38,775

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Arkansas workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.22 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in Arkansas.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Arkansas by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Jackson County, AR is from Arkansas.

0.451

2019 Wage GINI in Arkansas

0.452

2018 Wage GINI in Arkansas

In 2019, the income inequality in Arkansas was 0.451 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.384% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Arkansas was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Arkansas in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Arkansas across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 4805
Census Tract 4801
Census Tract 4802

In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Jackson County, AR was Census Tract 4805 with a value of $38,816, followed by Census Tract 4801 and Census Tract 4802, with respective values of $36,654 and $35,528.

The following map shows all of the tracts in Jackson County, AR colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Males 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

23.3% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Jackson County, AR (3.31k out of 14.2k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Males 25 - 34, followed by Males 6 - 11 and then Females 55 - 64.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
2,081 ± 249
Two Or More
628 ± 164
Black
580 ± 156

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Jackson County, AR is White, followed by Two Or More and Black.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

5.56k

2018 Value

± 427

-2.4%

1 Year decline

± 10.9%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Jackson County, AR declined at a rate of -2.4%, from 5.7k employees to 5.56k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Jackson County, AR, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (596 people), Sales & Related Occupations (555 people), and Production Occupations (536 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Jackson County, AR.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Jackson County, AR, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (596 people), Sales & Related Occupations (555 people), and Production Occupations (536 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Jackson County, AR has an unusually high number of residents working as Farming, Fishing, & Forestry Occupations (7.96 times higher than expected), Law Enforcement Workers Including Supervisors (2.5 times), and Transportation Occupations (1.81 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Jackson County, AR, by median earnings, are Computer, Engineering, & Science Occupations ($87,378), Computer & Mathematical Occupations ($86,159), and Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations ($55,000).

Industries

Employment by Industries

5.56k

2018 Value

± 427

-2.4%

1 Year decline

± 10.9%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Jackson County, AR declined at a rate of -2.4%, from 5.7k employees to 5.56k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Jackson County, AR, are Manufacturing (905 people), Retail Trade (776 people), and Health Care & Social Assistance (584 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Jackson County, AR, though some of these residents may live in Jackson County, AR and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Jackson County, AR, by number of employees, are Manufacturing (905 people), Retail Trade (776 people), and Health Care & Social Assistance (584 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Jackson County, AR has an unusually high number of Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting (8.2 times higher than expected), Utilities (2.57 times), and Manufacturing (1.62 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Jackson County, AR, by median earnings, are Transportation & Warehousing ($45,283), Transportation & Warehousing, & Utilities ($42,614), and Manufacturing ($41,660).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Arkansas to other states, or from other states to Arkansas.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2018, the top outbound Arkansas product (by dollars) was Meat/seafood with $19.1B, followed by Coal-n.e.c. ($16.5B) and Mixed freight ($10.9B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Arkansas products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Arkansas.

$154B

2018 Value in Arkansas

$263B

Projected 2045 Value in Arkansas

71% growth

In 2018, total outbound Arkansas trade was $154B. This is expected to increase 71% to $263B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Arkansas trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Arkansas to other states, or from other states to Arkansas.

Most Common Trade Partners

Texas
$12.9B
Mississippi
$7.68B
Tennessee
$6.49B

In 2018, the top outbound Arkansas domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Texas with $12.9B, followed by Mississippi with $7.68B and Tennessee and $6.49B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Arkansas shares with each state (excluding itself).

Education

In 2019, universities in Jackson County, AR awarded 1,081 degrees. The student population of Jackson County, AR is skewed towards women, with 860 male students and 1,409 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Jackson County, AR are White (790 and 74.6%), followed by Black or African American (208 and 19.6%), Hispanic or Latino (35 and 3.31%), and Two or More Races (17 and 1.61%).

The largest universities in Jackson County, AR by number of degrees awarded are Arkansas State University-Newport (1,081 and 100%).

The most popular majors in Jackson County, AR are Truck, Bus, & Commercial Vehicle Operator & Instructor (242 and 22.4%), Liberal Arts & Sciences (200 and 18.5%), and Licensed Practical & Vocational Nurse Training (89 and 8.23%).

The median tuition costs in Jackson County, AR are $N/A for private four year colleges, and $N/A and $N/A respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

Truck, Bus, & Commercial Vehicle Operator & Instructor
242 degree-majorss awarded
HVAC Maintenance
49 degree-majorss awarded
Nursing Assistant & Patient Care Assistant
45 degree-majorss awarded

In 2018, the most common concentation for < 1 Year Postsecondary Certificate recipients in Jackson County, AR was Truck, Bus, & Commercial Vehicle Operator & Instructor with 242 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a < 1 Year Postsecondary Certificate from schools in Jackson County, AR according to their major.

Universities

Arkansas State University-Newport

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

1,081 degrees awarded

$N/A

Median In-State Public

$N/A

Median Private

In 2019, the Jackson County, AR institution with the largest number of graduating students was Arkansas State University-Newport with 1,081 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

607

Degrees Awarded to Men

474

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 607 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Jackson County, AR, which is 1.28 times more than the 474 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the institutions in Jackson County, AR by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

White
790 degrees awarded
Black or African American
208 degrees awarded
Hispanic or Latino
35 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Jackson County, AR was White students. These 790 degrees mean that there were 3.8 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 208 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Jackson County, AR was $66,900 in 2018, which is 0.291 times smaller than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $61,300 to $66,900, a 9.14% increase. The homeownership rate in Jackson County, AR is 69.4%, which is higher than the national average of 63.9%. People in Jackson County, AR have an average commute time of 18.1 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Jackson County, AR is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$66,900

2018 Median

± $4,694

$61,300

2017 Median

± $4,595

In 2018, the median property value in Jackson County, AR grew to to $66,900 from the previous year's value of $61,300.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Jackson County, AR compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Jackson County, AR the largest share of households have a property value in the $40k - $50k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$33,174

Median Household Income

± $2,693

6.1k

Number of Households

± 420

In 2018, the median household income of the 6.1k households in Jackson County, AR grew to $33,174 from the previous year's value of $32,783.

The following chart displays the households in Jackson County, AR distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $10k - $15k range.

Property Taxes

< $800

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Jackson County, AR distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Jackson County, AR the largest share of households pay taxes in the < $800 range.

Rent vs Own

69.4%

2018 Homeownership

70.6%

2017 Homeownership

In 2018, 69.4% of the housing units in Jackson County, AR were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 70.6%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is higher than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Jackson County, AR compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

18.1 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Jackson County, AR have a shorter commute time (18.1 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.3 minutes). Additionally, 1.74% of the workforce in Jackson County, AR have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Jackson County, AR compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2018

Drove Alone (81.8%)
Carpooled (9.53%)
Worked At Home (4.4%)

In 2018, 81.8% of workers in Jackson County, AR drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (9.53%) and those who worked at home (4.4%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Jackson County, AR distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Jackson County, AR have 2 cars, followed by 1 car.

Health

91.9% of the population of Jackson County, AR has health coverage, with 29.7% on employee plans, 31.6% on Medicaid, 14.4% on Medicare, 14.2% on non-group plans, and 1.95% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in Arkansas was $7,408 in 2014. This is a 6.91% increase from the previous year ($6,929).

Primary care physicians in Jackson County, AR see 2402 patients per year on average, which represents a 1.88% decrease from the previous year (2448 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 3344 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 1194 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Jackson County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (28.8%). Additionally, St. Francis County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (48.2%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

2,402 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Jackson County, AR

Primary care physicians in Jackson County, AR see an average of 2,402 patients per year. This represents a 1.88% decrease from the previous year (2,448 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Jackson County, AR in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Arkansas.

$7,408

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in Arkansas

$3,906

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$6,108

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$9,479

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Arkansas (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 6.91%, from $6,929 to $7,408.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

8.12%

Uninsured

29.7%

Employer Coverage

31.6%

Medicaid

14.4%

Medicare

14.2%

Non-Group

1.95%

Military or VA

Between 2017 and 2018, the percent of uninsured citizens in Jackson County, AR declined by 31.2% from 11.8% to 8.12%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Jackson County, AR changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.