Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

Add Comparison

2021 Population

214,370

2.24% 1-year decline

US Senator

Lindsey Graham

Republican Party

US Senator

Tim Scott

Republican Party

2021 Median Age

1.1% 1-year increase

2021 Poverty Rate

11.2%

5.55% 1-year increase

2021 Median Household Income

$70,369

3.91% 1-year growth

2021 Median Property Value

$313,200

6.17% 1-year growth

2021 Employed Population

88,551

2.5% 1-year decline

About

In 2021, Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC had a population of 214k people with a median age of 46 and a median household income of $70,369. Between 2020 and 2021 the population of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC declined from 219,290 to 214,370, a −2.24% decrease and its median household income grew from $67,723 to $70,369, a 3.91% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC are White (Non-Hispanic) (64.7%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (19.7%), Other (Hispanic) (4.53%), White (Hispanic) (4.31%), and Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.44%).

11.5% of the households in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

95.3% of the residents in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Beaufort & Jasper Counties--Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC are University of South Carolina Beaufort (408 degrees awarded in 2021) and Technical College of the Lowcountry (328 degrees).

In 2021, the median property value in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was $313,200, and the homeownership rate was 75%.

Most people in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 23.5 minutes. The average car ownership in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was 2 cars per household.

Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC borders N/A.

United States South Carolina

Population & Diversity

Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC is home to a population of 214k people, from which 95.3% are citizens. As of 2021, 7.58% of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC residents were born outside of the country (16.3k people).

In 2021, there were 3.29 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (139k people) in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC than any other race or ethnicity. There were 42.2k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 9.72k Other (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC are Spanish (18,147 households), German (797 households), and Other & Unspecified Languages (755 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

108,666

Women

50.7%

105,837

Men

49.3%

The resident population of United States in 2021 was 214,503 inhabitants, with 49.3% men, and 50.7% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

95.3%

2021 Citizenship

95.2%

2020 Citizenship

As of 2021, 95.3% of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2020, the percentage of US citizens in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was 95.2%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC

White (Non-Hispanic)
139k ± 661
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
42.2k ± 779
Other (Hispanic)
9.72k ± 1.05k

11.5%

Hispanic Population

24.8k people

11.5% of the people in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC are hispanic (24.8k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
5,670 ± 1,824 people
Honduras
1,373 ± 907 people
Colombia
936 ± 749 people

In 2021, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was Mexico, the natal country of 5,670 Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC residents, followed by Honduras with 1,373 and Colombia with 936.

Foreign-Born Population

7.58%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

16.3k people

8.25%

2020 Foreign-Born Population

18.1k people

As of 2021, 7.58% of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC residents (16.3k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.6%. In 2020, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was 8.25%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
18,147 households (8.92%)
German
797 households (0.392%)
Other & Unspecified Languages
755 households (0.371%)

11.5% of the households in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 21.5%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2021, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was Spanish. 8.92% of the households in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
6,772 ± 582
Gulf War (2001-)
3,762 ± 551
Gulf War (1990s)
3,046 ± 523

Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.8 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC employs 88.6k people. The largest industries in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC are Restaurants & Food Services (6,869 people), Construction (6,645 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (5,153 people), and the highest paying industries are Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c. or not specified ($193,665), Aircraft & parts manufacturing ($168,111), and Broadcasting (except internet) ($134,323).

Males in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC have an average income that is 1.27 times higher than the average income of females, which is $51,378. The income inequality in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC (measured using the Gini index) is 0.489, which is higher than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

42,335

Women

46.6%

48,484

Men

53.4%

The workforce of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC in 2020 was 90,819 people, with 46.6% woman, and 53.4% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

88.6k

2021 Value

−2.5%

1 Year decline

± −2.5%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC declined at a rate of −2.5%, from 90.8k employees to 88.6k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC, are Retail salespersons (2,806 people), Firstline supervisors of retail sales workers (2,717 people), and Registered nurses (2,270 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for undefined.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in South Carolina (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

View Full Dashboard

Industries

Employment by Industries

88.6k

2021 Value

−2.5%

1 Year decline

± −2.5%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC declined at a rate of −2.5%, from 90.8k employees to 88.6k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC, are Restaurants & Food Services (6,869 people), Construction (6,645 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (5,153 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC, though some of these residents may live in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$41,886

Median earning men ± $1,803

$32,507

Median earning women ± $1,752

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2021 are Information ($88,041), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($66,833), and Educational Services, & Health Care & Social Assistance ($56,259).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2021 are Public Administration ($44,323), Manufacturing ($43,808), and Wholesale Trade ($43,750).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for undefined.

Y-Axis

2.75%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 155M people employed in South Carolina. This represents a 2.75% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in South Carolina.

View Full Dashboard

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in South Carolina went to Donald J. Trump with 55.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (43.4%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.11%).

Lindsey Graham and Tim Scott are the senators currently representing the state of South Carolina. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

South Carolina is currently represented by 7 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC. Showing the available data for South Carolina.

2020 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (55.1%)
Republican Party
Joseph R Biden Jr. (43.4%)
Democratic Party
Jo Jorgensen (1.11%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in South Carolina went to Donald J. Trump with 55.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Joseph R Biden Jr. (43.4%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.11%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in South Carolina for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from South Carolina

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for South Carolina.

Lindsey Graham

Senator from South Carolina

Assumed office on January 3, 2003

Tim Scott

Senator from South Carolina

Assumed office on January 2, 2013
Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Jim DeMint.

Lindsey Graham and Tim Scott are the senators currently representing South Carolina.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in South Carolina over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from South Carolina

South Carolina is currently represented by 7 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for South Carolina have changed over time starting in 2008.

Error: TypeError: Cannot read property 'map' of undefined

Education

In 2021, universities in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC awarded 736 degrees. The student population of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC in 2021 is skewed towards women, with 2,446 male students and 5,720 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC are White (394 and 53.7%), followed by Black or African American (207 and 28.2%), Hispanic or Latino (81 and 11%), and Two or More Races (34 and 4.63%).

The largest universities in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC by number of degrees awarded are University of South Carolina Beaufort (408 and 55.4%) and Technical College of the Lowcountry (328 and 44.6%).

The most popular majors in Beaufort & Jasper Counties--Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC are Liberal Arts & Sciences (104 and 14.1%), Registered Nursing (73 and 9.92%), and General Business Administration & Management (67 and 9.1%).

The median tuition cost in Beaufort & Jasper Counties--Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC for a public four year colleges is $10,344 for in-state students and $21,390 for out-of-state students.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2021 in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC, the percentage of applicants admitted was 83.7%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 23.1%. The number of students enrolled in 2021 was 8,166 (30% men and 70% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2021 there were 8,166 students enrolled in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC, 30% men and 70% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 4,454 records, of which 68% were women and 32% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

General Hospitality Management
43 degree-majors awarded
General Business Administration & Management
67 degree-majors awarded
General Biological Sciences
52 degree-majors awarded

In 2021, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Beaufort & Jasper Counties--Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was General Hospitality Management with 43 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Beaufort & Jasper Counties--Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

University of South Carolina Beaufort
408 degrees awarded
Technical College of the Lowcountry
328 degrees awarded

In 2021, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was University of South Carolina Beaufort with 408 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2021, 221 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC, which is 0.429 times less than the 515 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2021 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 394 degrees mean that there were 1.9 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 207 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Public, 4-year or above ($10,344) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2021.

Public, 4-year or above ($386) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2021.

Public, 4-year or above ($1,266) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2021, 0.753% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.728% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC in 2021 were High School or Equivalent (45.9k), Bachelors Degree (37.6k), and Some college (37k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was $313,200 in 2021, which is 1.28 times larger than the national average of $244,900. Between 2020 and 2021 the median property value increased from $295,000 to $313,200, a 6.17% increase. The homeownership rate in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC is 75%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.6%.

People in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC have an average commute time of 23.5 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC is $70,369. In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was Mount Pleasant Town PUMA, SC with a value of $82,343, followed by Charleston City PUMA, SC and York County (West & Outside Rock Hill City) PUMA, SC, with respective values of $77,240 and $74,702.

Housing

Property

$313,200

Median Property Value 2021

±$9,240

$63,298

Median Property Taxes

±$2,150

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

75%

Homeownership

2021

67.6%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2021

In 2021, 75% of the housing units in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 74.6%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was Mount Pleasant Town PUMA, SC with a value of $82,343, followed by Charleston City PUMA, SC and York County (West & Outside Rock Hill City) PUMA, SC, with respective values of $77,240 and $74,702.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$70,369

Median Household Income

± $2,528

84.4k

Number of Households

± 2,741

In 2021, the median household income of the 84.4k households in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC grew to $70,369 from the previous year's value of $67,723.

The following chart displays the households in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.489

2021 Wage GINI in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC

0.494

2020 Wage GINI in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC

In 2021, the income inequality in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was 0.489 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.975% decline from 2020 to 2021, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2021

Drove Alone (77.3%)
Carpooled (9.74%)
Worked At Home (8.79%)

In 2021, 77.3% of workers in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (9.74%) and those who worked at home (8.79%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

23.5 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC have a shorter commute time (23.5 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.8 minutes). Additionally, 1.6% of the workforce in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

11.2% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC (23.4k out of 208k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.6%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 55 - 64, followed by Females 25 - 34 and then Males 55 - 64.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC is White, followed by Black and Hispanic.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

89.8% of the population of Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC has health coverage, with 35.4% on employee plans, 11.2% on Medicaid, 19.6% on Medicare, 19.6% on non-group plans, and 4.05% on military or VA plans.

Coverage

Health Care Diversity

In 2021, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 20.6% under 18 years, 16.3% between 18 and 34 years, 35.9% between 35 and 64 years, and 27.1% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 47.9% were men and 52.1% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

10.2%

Uninsured

35.4%

Employer Coverage

11.2%

Medicaid

19.6%

Medicare

19.6%

Non-Group

4.05%

Military or VA

Between 2020 and 2021, the percent of uninsured citizens in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC declined by 0.863% from 10.3% to 10.2%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Hilton Head Island, Bluffton Towns & Beaufort City PUMA, SC changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.