Bronx County, NY

County

Add Comparison

Population

1.43M

2.65% 1-year decline

US Senator

Chuck Schumer

Democratic Party

US Senator

Kirsten Gillibrand

Democratic Party

Median Age

34.4

Poverty Rate

29.1%

Median Household Income

$38,467

2.86% 1-year growth

Median Property Value

$436,100

8.94% 1-year growth

Number of Employees

599,204

2.61% 1-year decline

About

In 2018, Bronx County, NY had a population of 1.43M people with a median age of 34.4 and a median household income of $38,467. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Bronx County, NY declined from 1.47M to 1.43M, a -2.65% decrease and its median household income grew from $37,397 to $38,467, a 2.86% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Bronx County, NY are Other (Hispanic) (32.4%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (28.9%), White (Hispanic) (13.5%), White (Non-Hispanic) (8.93%), and Black or African American (Hispanic) (6.66%). 59% of the people in Bronx County, NY speak a non-English language, and 82.6% are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Bronx County, NY are Fordham University (5,312 degrees awarded in 2017), CUNY Lehman College (2,889 degrees), and Monroe College (2,609 degrees).

The median property value in Bronx County, NY is $436,100, and the homeownership rate is 18.5%. Most people in Bronx County, NY commute by Public Transit, and the average commute time is 43.7 minutes. The average car ownership in Bronx County, NY is 0 cars per household.

Bronx County, NY borders Bergen County, NJ, Nassau County, NY, New York County, NY, Queens County, NY, and Westchester County, NY.

About the photo: Madison Ave Bridge

Photo by molybdena

United States New York New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for New York. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in New York, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

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Impact on Employment

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in New York (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of New York across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

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Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Hillary Rodham Clinton with 88.5% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (9.46%), followed by Other (2.02%). The most partisan county was Bronx County, NY with 88.5% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing the state of New York. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Bronx County, NY is currently represented by 27 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results not available for Bronx County, NY. Showing the available data for New York.

2016 Election Results

Hillary Rodham Clinton (88.5%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (9.46%)
Republican Party
Other (2.02%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Hillary Rodham Clinton with 88.5% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (9.46%), followed by Other (2.02%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in New York for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of New York.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Popular Vote for New York

88.5% for the Democratic Party

Most Partisan Counties in New York

Bronx County, NY
88.5% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
New York County, NY
86.6% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Kings County, NY
79.5% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in New York was Bronx County, NY with 88.5% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

The following map shows the counties in New York colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from New York

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

Chuck Schumer

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 3, 1999

Kirsten Gillibrand

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 26, 2009

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing New York.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in New York over time, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from New York

New York is currently represented by 27 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Bronx County, NY have changed over time starting in 2008.

Diversity

Bronx County, NY is home to a population of 1.43M people, from which 82.6% are citizens. As of 2018, 35.5% of Bronx County, NY residents were born outside of the country (509k people).

In 2018, there were 1.12 times more Other (Hispanic) residents (464k people) in Bronx County, NY than any other race or ethnicity. There were 414k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 194k White (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common foreign languages spoken in Bronx County, NY are Spanish (634,893 speakers), Yoruba, Twi, Igbo, or Other Languages of Western Africa (43,064 speakers), and French (Incl. Cajun) (20,269 speakers).

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Bronx County, NY

Other (Hispanic)
464k ± 18.2k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
414k ± 3.61k
White (Hispanic)
194k ± 15.1k

56.4%

Hispanic Population

807k people

56.4% of the people in Bronx County, NY are hispanic (807k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Bronx County, NY as a share of the total population.

Non-English Speakers

Most Common Languages

Spanish
634,893 speakers (47.8%)
Yoruba, Twi, Igbo, or Other Languages of Western Africa
43,064 speakers (3.24%)
French (Incl. Cajun)
20,269 speakers (1.52%)

59% of Bronx County, NY citizens are speakers of a non-English language, which is higher than the national average of 21.9%. In 2018, the most common non-English language spoken in Bronx County, NY was Spanish. 47.8% of the overall population of Bronx County, NY are native Spanish speakers. 3.24% speak Yoruba, Twi, Igbo, or Other Languages of Western Africa and 1.52% speak Spanish, the next two most common languages.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

35.5%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

509k people

34.9%

2017 Foreign-Born Population

513k people

As of 2018, 35.5% of Bronx County, NY residents (509k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 13.7%. In 2017, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Bronx County, NY was 34.9%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Bronx County, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.4

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 0.6

In 2018, the median age of all people in Bronx County, NY was 34.4. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 27, were generally younger than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 45. But people in Bronx County, NY are getting getting older. In 2017, the average age of all Bronx County, NY residents was 34.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for New York.

Most Common Origin

Dominican Republic
505,970 ± 17,236 people
China
407,280 ± 15,504 people
Mexico
222,031 ± 11,503 people

In 2018, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of New York was Dominican Republic, the natal country of 505,970 New York residents, followed by China with 407,280 and Mexico with 222,031.

Citizenship

82.6%

2018 Citizenship

81.8%

2017 Citizenship

As of 2018, 82.6% of Bronx County, NY residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Bronx County, NY was 81.8%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Bronx County, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
8,645 ± 1,479
Gulf War (2001-)
2,890 ± 881
Gulf War (1990s)
2,685 ± 802

Bronx County, NY has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 2.99 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

Median household income in Bronx County, NY is $38,467. In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income in Bronx County, NY was Census Tract 132 with a value of $116,013, followed by Census Tract 293.01 and Census Tract 309, with respective values of $108,611 and $101,438.

Males in New York have an average income that is 1.28 times higher than the average income of females, which is $63,914. The income inequality in New York (measured using the Gini index) is 0.493, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Bronx County, NY employs 599k people. The largest industries in Bronx County, NY are Health Care & Social Assistance (146,062 people), Retail Trade (67,166 people), and Accommodation & Food Services (58,501 people), and the highest paying industries are Utilities ($81,471), Management of Companies & Enterprises ($56,701), and Public Administration ($56,342).

Wages

Median Household Income

$38,467

2018 value

± $1,864

2.86%

1 Year Growth

± 6.02%

Households in Bronx County, NY have a median annual income of $38,467, which is less than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $37,397 in 2017, which represents a 2.86% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Bronx County, NY compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for New York.

$81,735

Average Male Salary in New York

± $1,216

$63,914

Average Female Salary in New York

± $886

In 2018, full-time male employees in New York made 1.28 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in New York by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the County level, so we are showing data for New York.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in New York

White
$69,391 ± $897
Asian
$66,385 ± $2,329
Two or More Races
$56,062 ± $4,048

In 2018 the highest paid race/ethnicity of New York workers was White. These workers were paid 1.05 times more than Asian workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in New York.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in New York by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Bronx County, NY is from New York.

0.493

2018 Wage GINI in New York

0.497

2017 Wage GINI in New York

In 2018, the income inequality in New York was 0.493 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.874% decline from 2017 to 2018, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for New York was higher than than the national average of 0.479. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in New York in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in New York across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 132
Census Tract 293.01
Census Tract 309

In 2018, the tract with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Bronx County, NY was Census Tract 132 with a value of $116,013, followed by Census Tract 293.01 and Census Tract 309, with respective values of $108,611 and $101,438.

The following map shows all of the tracts in Bronx County, NY colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

29.1% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Bronx County, NY (408k out of 1.4M people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 35 - 44 and then Females 45 - 54.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

Hispanic
264,554 ± 3,666
Other
186,162 ± 3,363
Black
125,479 ± 2,550

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Bronx County, NY is Hispanic, followed by Other and Black.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

599k

2018 Value

± 14,873

-2.61%

1 Year decline

± 3.53%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Bronx County, NY declined at a rate of -2.61%, from 615k employees to 599k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Bronx County, NY, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (73,092 people), Healthcare Support Occupations (65,018 people), and Sales & Related Occupations (57,385 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Bronx County, NY.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Bronx County, NY, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (73,092 people), Healthcare Support Occupations (65,018 people), and Sales & Related Occupations (57,385 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Bronx County, NY has an unusually high number of residents working as Healthcare Support Occupations (3.32 times higher than expected), Fire Fighting & Prevention, & Other Protective Service Workers Including Supervisors (2.38 times), and Building & Grounds Cleaning & Maintenance Occupations (1.89 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Bronx County, NY, by median earnings, are Architecture & Engineering Occupations ($79,592), Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations ($77,217), and Computer, Engineering, & Science Occupations ($68,216).

Industries

Employment by Industries

599k

2018 Value

± 14,873

-2.61%

1 Year decline

± 3.53%

From 2017 to 2018, employment in Bronx County, NY declined at a rate of -2.61%, from 615k employees to 599k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Bronx County, NY, are Health Care & Social Assistance (146,062 people), Retail Trade (67,166 people), and Accommodation & Food Services (58,501 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Bronx County, NY, though some of these residents may live in Bronx County, NY and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Bronx County, NY, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (146,062 people), Retail Trade (67,166 people), and Accommodation & Food Services (58,501 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other counties, Bronx County, NY has an unusually high number of Real Estate & Rental & Leasing (1.8 times higher than expected), Health Care & Social Assistance (1.76 times), and Transportation & Warehousing (1.7 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Bronx County, NY, by median earnings, are Utilities ($81,471), Management of Companies & Enterprises ($56,701), and Public Administration ($56,342).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from New York to other states, or from other states to New York.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2015, the top outbound New York product (by dollars) was Mixed freight with $67.6B, followed by Electronics ($47.2B) and Misc. mfg. prods. ($45.3B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound New York products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for New York.

$570B

2015 Value in New York

$854B

Projected 2045 Value in New York

49.9% growth

In 2015, total outbound New York trade was $570B. This is expected to increase 49.9% to $854B by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound New York trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from New York to other states, or from other states to New York.

Most Common Trade Partners

New Jersey
$34.6B
Pennsylvania
$29.6B
Connecticut
$18.8B

In 2015, the top outbound New York domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was New Jersey with $34.6B, followed by Pennsylvania with $29.6B and Connecticut and $18.8B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that New York shares with each state (excluding itself).

Education

In 2017, universities in Bronx County, NY awarded 15,646 degrees. The student population of Bronx County, NY is skewed towards women, with 24,947 male students and 38,032 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Bronx County, NY are Hispanic or Latino (5,126 and 37%), followed by White (4,149 and 29.9%), Black or African American (3,176 and 22.9%), and Asian (784 and 5.66%).

The largest universities in Bronx County, NY by number of degrees awarded are Fordham University (5,312 and 34%), CUNY Lehman College (2,889 and 18.5%), and Monroe College (2,609 and 16.7%).

The most popular majors in Bronx County, NY are General Business Administration & Management (1,677 and 10.7%), Liberal Arts & Sciences (1,081 and 6.91%), and Social Work (877 and 5.61%).

The median tuition costs in Bronx County, NY are $35,089 for private four year colleges, and $6,600 and $15,120 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

Accounting
394 degree-majorss awarded
General Business Administration & Management
654 degree-majorss awarded
General Psychology
426 degree-majorss awarded

In 2015, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Bronx County, NY was Accounting with 394 degree-majorss awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Bronx County, NY according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Fordham University
5,312 degrees awarded
CUNY Lehman College
2,889 degrees awarded
Monroe College
2,609 degrees awarded

$6,600

Median In-State Public

$35,089

Median Private

In 2017, the Bronx County, NY institution with the largest number of graduating students was Fordham University with 5,312 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

5,890

Degrees Awarded to Men

9,756

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2017, 5,890 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Bronx County, NY, which is 0.604 times less than the 9,756 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the top 5 institutions in Bronx County, NY by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

Hispanic or Latino
5,126 degrees awarded
White
4,149 degrees awarded
Black or African American
3,176 degrees awarded

In 2017 the majority of degrees awarded at institutions in Bronx County, NY were to Hispanic or Latino students. These 5,126 degrees mean that there were 1.24 times more Hispanic or Latino students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, White, with 4,149 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Bronx County, NY was $436,100 in 2018, which is 1.9 times larger than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $400,300 to $436,100, a 8.94% increase. The homeownership rate in Bronx County, NY is 18.5%, which is lower than the national average of 63.9%. People in Bronx County, NY have an average commute time of 43.7 minutes, and they commute by Public Transit. Car ownership in Bronx County, NY is lower than the national average, with an average of 0 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$436,100

2018 Median

± $13,932

$400,300

2017 Median

± $10,062

In 2018, the median property value in Bronx County, NY grew to to $436,100 from the previous year's value of $400,300.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Bronx County, NY compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Bronx County, NY the largest share of households have a property value in the $500k - $750k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$38,467

Median Household Income

± $1,864

507k

Number of Households

± 12,931

In 2018, the median household income of the 507k households in Bronx County, NY grew to $38,467 from the previous year's value of $37,397.

The following chart displays the households in Bronx County, NY distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the < $10k range.

Property Taxes

$3k+

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Bronx County, NY distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Bronx County, NY the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

Rent vs Own

18.5%

2018 Homeownership

19.1%

2017 Homeownership

In 2018, 18.5% of the housing units in Bronx County, NY were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 19.1%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Bronx County, NY compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

43.7 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Bronx County, NY have a longer commute time (43.7 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.7 minutes). Additionally, 9.48% of the workforce in Bronx County, NY have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Bronx County, NY compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Method of Travel

Public Transit
58.4%
Drove Alone
23.5%
Walked
7.66%

In 2018, the most common method of travel for workers in Bronx County, NY was Public Transit (58.4%), followed by those who Drove Alone (23.5%) and those who Walked (7.66%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

0 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Bronx County, NY distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Bronx County, NY have 0 cars, followed by 1 car.

Health

91.8% of the population of Bronx County, NY has health coverage, with 29.9% on employee plans, 42% on Medicaid, 6.55% on Medicare, 12.9% on non-group plans, and 0.427% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in New York was $9,778 in 2014. This is a 4.57% increase from the previous year ($9,351).

Primary care physicians in Bronx County, NY see 1799 patients per year on average, which represents a 5.07% decrease from the previous year (1895 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 2033 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 557 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Oswego County and Bronx County have the highest prevalence of diabetes (12.2%). Additionally, Chemung County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (33.3%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

1,799 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Bronx County, NY

Primary care physicians in Bronx County, NY see an average of 1,799 patients per year. This represents a 5.07% decrease from the previous year (1,895 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Bronx County, NY in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

$9,778

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in New York

$5,338

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$9,803

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$12,179

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in New York (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 4.57%, from $9,351 to $9,778.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

8.23%

Uninsured

29.9%

Employer Coverage

42%

Medicaid

6.55%

Medicare

12.9%

Non-Group

0.427%

Military or VA

Between N/A and 2017, the percent of uninsured citizens in Bronx County, NY N/A by N/A from N/A% to 8.23%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Bronx County, NY changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.