Bakersfield, CA

Census Place

Add Comparison

2019 Population

384,159

0.145% 1-year growth

US Senator

Dianne Feinstein

Democratic Party

US Senator

Alex Padilla

Democratic Party

2019 Median Age

31.4

0.633% 1-year decrease

2019 Poverty Rate

17.4%

5.78% 1-year decrease

2019 Median Household Income

$62,402

4% 1-year growth

2019 Median Property Value

$264,500

2.84% 1-year growth

2019 Employed Population

163,320

1.98% 1-year decline

About

In 2019, Bakersfield, CA had a population of 384k people with a median age of 31.4 and a median household income of $62,402. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Bakersfield, CA grew from 383,601 to 384,159, a 0.145% increase and its median household income grew from $60,002 to $62,402, a 4% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Bakersfield, CA are White (Hispanic) (38%), White (Non-Hispanic) (29.5%), Other (Hispanic) (12.1%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (7.52%), and Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (6.65%). 0% of the households in Bakersfield, CA speak a non-English language at home as their primary language.

89% of the residents in Bakersfield, CA are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Bakersfield, CA are Bakersfield College (6,196 degrees awarded in 2019), California State University-Bakersfield (2,608 degrees), and UEI College-Bakersfield (641 degrees).

In 2019, the median property value in Bakersfield, CA was $264,500, and the homeownership rate was 59.4%. Most people in Bakersfield, CA drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 23.4 minutes. The average car ownership in Bakersfield, CA was 2 cars per household.

About the photo: Bakersfield Skyline, Bakersfield, CA

Photo by Robert Hale

United States California Kern County, CA Bakersfield, CA

Diversity

Bakersfield, CA is home to a population of 384k people, from which 89% are citizens. As of 2019, 55.1% of Bakersfield, CA residents were born outside of the country (212k people).

In 2019, there were 1.29 times more White (Hispanic) residents (146k people) in Bakersfield, CA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 113k White (Non-Hispanic) and 46.5k Other (Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Bakersfield, CA

White (Hispanic)
146k ± 10.8k
White (Non-Hispanic)
113k ± 7.22k
Other (Hispanic)
46.5k ± 9.2k

52.4%

Hispanic Population

201k people

52.4% of the people in Bakersfield, CA are hispanic (201k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Bakersfield, CA as a share of the total population.

Heritage

Foreign-Born Population

55.1%

2019 Foreign-Born Population

212k people

18%

2018 Foreign-Born Population

69.1k people

As of 2019, 55.1% of Bakersfield, CA residents (212k people) were born outside of the United States, which is higher than the national average of 34%. In 2018, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Bakersfield, CA was 18%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Bakersfield, CA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Age by Nativity

Median Native-Born Age

± 0.8

Median Foreign-Born Age

± 1.6

In 2019, the median age of all people in Bakersfield, CA was 31.4. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 27, were generally younger than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 45. But people in Bakersfield, CA are getting getting younger. In 2018, the average age of all Bakersfield, CA residents was 32.

Global Diversity

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for California.

Most Common Origin

Mexico
3,940,728 ± 46,243 people
Philippines
859,394 ± 22,511 people
China
690,995 ± 20,229 people

In 2019, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of California was Mexico, the natal country of 3,940,728 California residents, followed by Philippines with 859,394 and China with 690,995.

Citizenship

89%

2019 Citizenship

90.8%

2018 Citizenship

As of 2019, 89% of Bakersfield, CA residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.4%. In 2018, the percentage of US citizens in Bakersfield, CA was 90.8%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Bakersfield, CA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
5,178 ± 1,430
Gulf War (2001-)
2,595 ± 951
Gulf War (1990s)
2,437 ± 865

Bakersfield, CA has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 2 times greater than any other conflict.

COVID-19

Daily New Cases by Date

Showing data at the state level for California. Hospitalization data for some states may be delayed or not reported.

Y-Axis

This chart shows the number of COVID-19 daily new cases by date in California, as a 7-day rolling average, compared with the four states with the most similar number of confirmed cases.

View Full Dashboard

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for California.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in California (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

View Full Dashboard

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for California.

Y-Axis

8.45%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between May 2020 and May 2021

As of May 2021, there are 145M people employed in California. This represents a 8.45% increase in employment when compared to May 2020.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in California.

View Full Dashboard

Community Mobility

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for California.

This chart presents movement trends over time in the state of California across different categories of places such as retail and recreation, groceries and pharmacies, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

View Full Dashboard

Economy

Median household income in Bakersfield, CA is $62,402. In 2019, the place with the highest median household income in Bakersfield, CA was Census Tract 28.11 with a value of $128,406, followed by Census Tract 5.03 and Census Tract 38.06, with respective values of $121,102 and $116,591.

Males in California have an average income that is 1.26 times higher than the average income of females, which is $64,688. The income inequality in California (measured using the Gini index) is 0.497, which is higher than than the national average.

The economy of Bakersfield, CA employs 163k people. The largest industries in Bakersfield, CA are Health Care & Social Assistance (23,479 people), Retail Trade (16,348 people), and Educational Services (14,457 people), and the highest paying industries are Utilities ($90,844), Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($81,554), and Public Administration ($66,594).

Wages

Median Household Income

$62,402

2019 value

± $2,931

1 Year Growth

± 8.14%

Households in Bakersfield, CA have a median annual income of $62,402, which is less than the median annual income of $65,712 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $60,002 in 2018, which represents a 4% annual growth.

The following chart shows how the median household income in Bakersfield, CA compares to that of its neighboring and parent geographies.

Wage by Gender in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for California.

$81,539

Average Male Salary in California

± $777

$64,688

Average Female Salary in California

± $649

In 2019, full-time male employees in California made 1.26 times more than female employees.

This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in California by number of full-time employees.

Wage by Race and Ethnicity in Common Jobs

The PUMS dataset is not available at the Place level, so we are showing data for California.

Highest Average Salaries by Race & Ethnicity in California

Asian
$78,217 ± $1,221
White
$67,399 ± $624
Two or More Races
$58,533 ± $1,947

In 2019 the highest paid race/ethnicity of California workers was Asian. These workers were paid 1.16 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity in California.

This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in California by number of full-time employees.

Wage Distribution

The closest comparable wage GINI for Bakersfield, CA is from California.

0.497

2019 Wage GINI in California

0.499

2018 Wage GINI in California

In 2019, the income inequality in California was 0.497 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.308% decline from 2018 to 2019, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for California was higher than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed less evenly in California in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in California across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

Census Tract 28.11
Census Tract 5.03
Census Tract 38.06

In 2019, the place with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Bakersfield, CA was Census Tract 28.11 with a value of $128,406, followed by Census Tract 5.03 and Census Tract 38.06, with respective values of $121,102 and $116,591.

The following map shows all of the places in Bakersfield, CA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Poverty by Age and Gender

Females 25 - 34

Largest Demographic Living in Poverty

17.4% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Bakersfield, CA (65.1k out of 374k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.3%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Males 6 - 11 and then Females 18 - 24.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Poverty by Race and Ethnicity

Largest Race or Ethnicity Living in Poverty

White
38,884 ± 1,839
Hispanic
38,611 ± 1,791
Other
9,880 ± 982

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Bakersfield, CA is White, followed by Hispanic and Other.

Occupations

Employment by Occupations

163k

2019 Value

± 8,652

−1.98%

1 Year decline

± 7.41%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Bakersfield, CA declined at a rate of −1.98%, from 167k employees to 163k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Bakersfield, CA, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (19,800 people), Sales & Related Occupations (15,749 people), and Management Occupations (13,567 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Bakersfield, CA.

Most Common

The most common jobs held by residents of Bakersfield, CA, by number of employees, are Office & Administrative Support Occupations (19,800 people), Sales & Related Occupations (15,749 people), and Management Occupations (13,567 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Bakersfield, CA has an unusually high number of residents working as Farming, Fishing, & Forestry Occupations (5.19 times higher than expected), Law Enforcement Workers Including Supervisors (2.13 times), and Material Moving Occupations (1.75 times).

Highest Paid

The highest paid jobs held by residents of Bakersfield, CA, by median earnings, are Health Diagnosing & Treating Practitioners & Other Technical Occupations ($100,839), Architecture & Engineering Occupations ($96,980), and Law Enforcement Workers Including Supervisors ($82,085).

Industries

Employment by Industries

163k

2019 Value

± 8,652

−1.98%

1 Year decline

± 7.41%

From 2018 to 2019, employment in Bakersfield, CA declined at a rate of −1.98%, from 167k employees to 163k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Bakersfield, CA, are Health Care & Social Assistance (23,479 people), Retail Trade (16,348 people), and Educational Services (14,457 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Bakersfield, CA, though some of these residents may live in Bakersfield, CA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Most Common

The most common industries in Bakersfield, CA, by number of employees, are Health Care & Social Assistance (23,479 people), Retail Trade (16,348 people), and Educational Services (14,457 people).

Most Specialized

Compared to other places, Bakersfield, CA has an unusually high number of Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction (6.94 times higher than expected), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting (5.45 times), and Transportation & Warehousing (1.44 times) industries.

Highest Paying

The highest paying industries in Bakersfield, CA, by median earnings, are Utilities ($90,844), Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction ($81,554), and Public Administration ($66,594).

Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from California to other states, or from other states to California.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2018, the top outbound California product (by dollars) was Electronics with $379B, followed by Motorized vehicles ($199B) and Mixed freight ($157B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound California products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for California.

$2.18T

2018 Value in California

$5.17T

Projected 2045 Value in California

137% growth

In 2018, total outbound California trade was $2.18T. This is expected to increase 137% to $5.17T by 2045.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound California trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from California to other states, or from other states to California.

Most Common Trade Partners

Texas
$86.9B
Arizona
$47.9B
Washington
$39.1B

In 2018, the top outbound California domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Texas with $86.9B, followed by Arizona with $47.9B and Washington and $39.1B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that California shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in Kern County, CA went to Donald J. Trump with 53.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (40.4%), followed by Other (6.51%). The most partisan county was San Francisco County, CA with 85% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

Dianne Feinstein and Alex Padilla are the senators currently representing the state of California. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

California is currently represented by 53 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Bakersfield, CA. Showing the available data for Kern County, CA.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

2016 Election Results

Donald J. Trump (53.1%)
Republican Party
Hillary Rodham Clinton (40.4%)
Democratic Party
Other (6.51%)
Other Party

In the 2016 presidential election, the popular vote in California went to Donald J. Trump with 53.1% of the vote. The runner-up was Hillary Rodham Clinton (40.4%), followed by Other (6.51%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in California for each registered party from 1976 to 2016.

Presidential Popular Vote by County

Presidential voting results are only available at the county level. Showing data for the counties inside of California.

Showing data up to the 2016 election. Updated election results are currently being processed, and will be released in the coming months.

Donald J. Trump

Popular Vote for Kern County, CA

53.1% for the Republican Party

Most Partisan Counties in California

San Francisco County, CA
85% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Alameda County, CA
78.7% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)
Marin County, CA
78.1% for Hillary Rodham Clinton (Democratic Party)

In the 2016 presidential election, the most partisan county in California was San Francisco County, CA with 85% of the vote going to Hillary Rodham Clinton running for the Democratic Party.

The following map shows the counties in California colored by their party leaning.

US Senators from California

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for California.

Dianne Feinstein

Senator from California

Assumed office on November 10, 1992
Elected to the seat to succeed John Seymour (California politician)|John Seymour, who had been appointed to the seat after Pete Wilson elected Governor of California.

Alex Padilla

Senator from California

Assumed office on January 20, 2021
Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Kamala Harris, who had become Vice President of the United States.

Dianne Feinstein and Alex Padilla are the senators currently representing California.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in California over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representatives from California

California is currently represented by 53 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for California have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2019, universities in Bakersfield, CA awarded 9,916 degrees. The student population of Bakersfield, CA is skewed towards women, with 16,309 male students and 23,375 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Bakersfield, CA are Hispanic or Latino (6,055 and 62.1%), followed by White (1,876 and 19.2%), Unknown (573 and 5.87%), and Asian (512 and 5.25%).

The largest universities in Bakersfield, CA by number of degrees awarded are Bakersfield College (6,196 and 62.5%), California State University-Bakersfield (2,608 and 26.3%), and UEI College-Bakersfield (641 and 6.46%).

The most popular majors in Bakersfield, CA are Liberal Arts & Sciences (2,928 and 29.5%), General Business Administration & Management (643 and 6.48%), and Child Care Provider (533 and 5.38%).

The median tuition cost in Bakersfield, CA for a public four year colleges is $3,515 for in-state students and $12,661 for out-of-state students.

Concentrations

Most Common

General Psychology
216 degree-majorss awarded
Liberal Arts & Sciences
1,273 degree-majorss awarded
General Biological Sciences
297 degree-majorss awarded

In 2019, the most common concentation for Associates Degree recipients in Bakersfield, CA was General Psychology with 216 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Associates Degree from schools in Bakersfield, CA according to their major.

Universities

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Bakersfield College
6,196 degrees awarded
California State University-Bakersfield
2,608 degrees awarded
UEI College-Bakersfield
641 degrees awarded

$3,515

Median In-State Public

In 2019, the Bakersfield, CA institution with the largest number of graduating students was Bakersfield College with 6,196 degrees awarded.

Student Gender for Common Institutions

3,780

Degrees Awarded to Men

6,136

Degrees Awarded to Women

In 2019, 3,780 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Bakersfield, CA, which is 0.616 times less than the 6,136 female students who received degrees in the same year.

This chart displays the gender disparity between the top 5 institutions in Bakersfield, CA by degrees awarded.

Student Race and Ethnicity

Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity

Hispanic or Latino
6,055 degrees awarded
White
1,876 degrees awarded
Unknown
573 degrees awarded

In 2019 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions in Bakersfield, CA was Hispanic or Latino students. These 6,055 degrees mean that there were 3.23 times more degrees awarded to Hispanic or Latino students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, White, with 1,876 degrees awarded.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Bakersfield, CA was $264,500 in 2019, which is 1.1 times larger than the national average of $240,500. Between 2018 and 2019 the median property value increased from $257,200 to $264,500, a 2.84% increase. The homeownership rate in Bakersfield, CA is 59.4%, which is lower than the national average of 64.1%. People in Bakersfield, CA have an average commute time of 23.4 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Bakersfield, CA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Housing

Property Value

$264,500

2019 Median

± $9,802

$257,200

2018 Median

± $7,874

In 2019, the median property value in Bakersfield, CA grew to to $264,500 from the previous year's value of $257,200.

The following charts display, first, the property values in Bakersfield, CA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Bakersfield, CA the largest share of households have a property value in the $300k - $400k range.

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$62,402

Median Household Income

± $2,931

117k

Number of Households

± 6,549

In 2019, the median household income of the 117k households in Bakersfield, CA grew to $62,402 from the previous year's value of $60,002.

The following chart displays the households in Bakersfield, CA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Property Taxes

$3k+

Average Range

This chart shows the households in Bakersfield, CA distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Bakersfield, CA the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

Rent vs Own

59.4%

2019 Homeownership

59.2%

2018 Homeownership

In 2019, 59.4% of the housing units in Bakersfield, CA were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 59.2%.

This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 64.1%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Bakersfield, CA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Commute Time

23.4 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Bakersfield, CA have a shorter commute time (23.4 minutes) than the normal US worker (26 minutes). Additionally, 3.48% of the workforce in Bakersfield, CA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Bakersfield, CA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2019

Drove Alone (84%)
Carpooled (9.22%)
Worked At Home (3.83%)

In 2019, 84% of workers in Bakersfield, CA drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (9.22%) and those who worked at home (3.83%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Transportation

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Bakersfield, CA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Bakersfield, CA have 2 cars, followed by false.

Health

91.2% of the population of Bakersfield, CA has health coverage, with 43.2% on employee plans, 31.3% on Medicaid, 7.2% on Medicare, 8.58% on non-group plans, and 0.903% on military or VA plans.

Per capita personal health care spending in California was $7,549 in 2014. This is a 4.04% increase from the previous year ($7,256).

Primary care physicians in Kern County, CA see 2043 patients per year on average, which represents a 1.09% increase from the previous year (2021 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1948 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 494 patients per year.

Comparing across all counties in the state, Amador County has the highest prevalence of diabetes (17%). Additionally, Colusa County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (39%)

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the country level. Showing data for Kern County, CA.

2,043 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Kern County, CA

Primary care physicians in Kern County, CA see an average of 2,043 patients per year. This represents a 1.09% increase from the previous year (2,021 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Kern County, CA in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Behavioral Health Conditions

Data only available at the state level.

State with the Highest Prevalence

West Virginia
8.26% of the population affected
Arkansas
8.13% of the population affected
New Hampshire
7.98% of the population affected

In 2016, West Virginia had the highest prevalence of adults with major depressive episode, with 8.26% of the population affected. The second highest is Arkansas (8.13%), followed by New Hampshire (7.98%).

The following map shows the percent of individuals with major depressive episode by state over multiple years.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Access and Quality

Data only available at state level.

Most prevalent states

Mississippi
19.2% of adults
Texas
17.9% of adults
Louisiana
17.6% of adults

In 2016, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost, at 19.2%. It is followed by Texas (17.9%) and Louisiana (17.6%).

The following map shows the prevalence of adults who haven't seen a doctor in the past 12 months due to cost by state over multiple years.

Health Care Spending

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for California.

$7,549

Total Per Capita Spending on Personal Health Care in California

$4,735

Per Enrollee Private Health Insurance Spending on Personal Health Care

$5,368

Per Enrollee Medicaid Spending on Personal Health Care

$11,833

Per Enrollee Medicare Spending on Personal Health Care

Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in California (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 4.04%, from $7,256 to $7,549.

The following chart shows how this spending changed over time in comparison to Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance spending, per enrollee.

Health Care Coverage

8.83%

Uninsured

43.2%

Employer Coverage

31.3%

Medicaid

7.2%

Medicare

8.58%

Non-Group

0.903%

Military or VA

Between 2018 and 2019, the percent of uninsured citizens in Bakersfield, CA grew by 24.9% from 7.07% to 8.83%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Bakersfield, CA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.